tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-126376262024-03-24T03:10:06.382-04:00Lux Ex UmbraMonitoring Canadian signals intelligence (SIGINT) activities past and present.Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.comBlogger690125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-12082706688473318712024-03-08T23:54:00.005-05:002024-03-10T11:32:35.325-04:00Billion dollar budget<p><span style="font-family: inherit;">The <i><a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/treasury-board-secretariat/services/planned-government-spending/government-expenditure-plan-main-estimates/2024-25-estimates.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Main Estimates for Fiscal Year 2024-25</a></i>, tabled in parliament on February 29th, reveal that CSE is on track to receive its first official billion-dollar budget:<span style="font-size: small;"> $<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;">1,041,683,002 to be precise ($1,061,532,258 if you include $19,849,256
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<![endif]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;">$1,039,192,674. That said, it is normal for a portion of the agency's budget authority to go unexpended during the year, so CSE's actual 2023-24 spending could very well fall short of the billion-dollar threshold.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;">In the FY 2001-02 <i>Main Estimates</i> the agency's projected budget was $100.2 million, or about $170 million in today's money. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;">In other words, CSE's 2024-25 budget is projected to be TEN times as large as its pre-9/11 budget in nominal terms, and even after adjusting for the effects of inflation it will be SIX times as large. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;">Six times!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;">[<b>Update 10 March 2024</b>: The cyber security (formerly information technology security) side of the agency has grown the most. The cyber security side now accounts for about one-third of CSE's budget, while it was more like 23% in the pre-9/11 days. This means the cyber security budget is about 8.9 times its pre-9/11 size, whereas the SIGINT (and now cyber operations) budget is about 5.3 times its earlier size, after adjusting for inflation.] <br /></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;">Interestingly, CSE's staff is only around 3.5 to 4 times as large as it was in 2001. There are probably multiple reasons for the difference: a higher proportion of the budget likely goes to IT systems and services and to agency facilities; pay and benefits packages have probably improved; and the agency may also be contracting more work out to the private sector.<br /></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;">The
trajectory of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service's budget makes
for an interesting comparison. CSIS has also seen a lot of growth since
9/11, but not on the same scale as CSE. </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;">The projected CSIS budget in FY 2001-02 was
$170.4 million, or about $290 million in 2024 dollars. CSIS’s
projected budget for FY 2024-25 is $702.6 million — about 2.4 times as much as its pre-9/11 budget.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;"></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-35827561511796114902024-03-05T17:08:00.014-05:002024-03-10T11:01:56.261-04:00U.K.’s intelligence partnership with Canada<p>On 5 December 2023, the <a href="https://isc.independent.gov.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Intelligence and Security Committee</a> (ISC)
of the U.K. Parliament published a <a href="https://isc.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ISC-International-Partnerships.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">report on the U.K.’s international intelligence partnerships</a>. </p><p>As the report states, the “partnership with the other Five Eyes
countries is – and will remain – the most important element of the [U.K.] Intelligence
Community’s international engagement.” The U.S. is by far the largest and most
important of the Five Eyes partners, but Canada and the other countries also
get some attention in the report, and on the topic of Canada the committee
makes a couple of intriguing assertions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>More advanced capabilities</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One assertion is that some of Canada’s intelligence
capabilities are “more advanced” than those of the U.K.:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“The UK–Canadian intelligence partnership is mutually
beneficial. Some of Canada’s capabilities – for instance, *** – are “more
advanced” than the UK Intelligence Community’s, and CSIS and CSE provide
valuable reporting on a range of intelligence topics.” (p. 83) </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(The ISC uses three asterisks to indicate where text in the
classified version of its report has been redacted.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Here, the committee was probably thinking mainly of CSE’s
Canadian Centre for Cyber Security:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“GCHQ noted in particular Canada’s mature and leading role
on cyber security within the Five Eyes: <i>Canada has been with us at the head
of the pack on cyber security and our relationship on cyber security is
extremely strong and deep. It’s the deepest of the Five Eyes actually and they
have pioneered some things that we are using, including how you monitor for
threats across government, and similarly we’ve shared capability in the other
direction. So I think Canada is really nimble and they’re very focused on cyber
security.</i>” (pp. 83-84)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Canada’s development of <a href="https://www.cyber.gc.ca/en/news-events/host-based-sensors" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">host-based sensors</a> is perhaps the
best known example of Canadian cyber security technology transfer to the U.K.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But the ISC also praises Canadian intelligence collection
and/or analysis capabilities. Unsurprisingly, however, on that subject they leave
us guessing as to what exactly Canada is good at: “GCHQ also highlighted
Canada’s “very good analytical understanding ***” and the fact that, ***,
Canada has become a “world leader in ***”.” (p. 84)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The sun never sets on the UKUSA empire</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Also interesting is the report’s description of a Five Eyes
practice known as “follow the sun,” a term that I hadn’t seen before.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Chief of Defence Intelligence “explained to the
Committee that geography enables the Five Eyes to achieve more complete and
consistent intelligence coverage. This is done through so-called ‘follow the
sun’ working, whereby high priority tasks can be ‘passed’ around the Five Eyes community
to allow 24-hour working: <i>imagery analysts that are at [RAF] Wyton … hand
the mission on to analysts that are in Washington D.C. or St Louis and to our
Canadian partners who will then hand on to Australian and New Zealand partners
who then hand back to us</i>” (p. 65)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Canadian partners specifically referred to here are
presumably analysts at the Canadian Forces Joint Imagery Centre, which is part
of the Canadian Forces Intelligence Command (CFINTCOM).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The report also describes a new building at RAF Wyton that
hosts not only British imagery (and other INT) analysts, but also analysts from
the other Five Eyes countries.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“[Defence Intelligence] has taken significant steps to
integrate Five Eyes partners into its work through the development of its
‘Pathfinder’ facility at RAF Wyton. This was described to the Committee as “a
unique experiment within the Five Eyes community … designed from the outset to
accommodate Five Eyes working, both in terms of having Five Eyes personnel on
the floorplate ***”.” (p. 63)</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaGzmR5R1AnYa3pIB4WHXdWcHhyELStA31VOTnjJ_ernGxppJlrjFVxCvuhFP8JNgAR0Rw34Zc84ErZJC8eFmh0bhJWM-xvRe4IISrmy68uXvLohcl5w3WaXGbtk20SJlt75Mq-Fodwlxe9Nh_zdrWjHXzI-3Gfry6Zlss66iejWqNHjQ5zi1h/s634/mod.2024.pathfinder.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="634" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaGzmR5R1AnYa3pIB4WHXdWcHhyELStA31VOTnjJ_ernGxppJlrjFVxCvuhFP8JNgAR0Rw34Zc84ErZJC8eFmh0bhJWM-xvRe4IISrmy68uXvLohcl5w3WaXGbtk20SJlt75Mq-Fodwlxe9Nh_zdrWjHXzI-3Gfry6Zlss66iejWqNHjQ5zi1h/w400-h283/mod.2024.pathfinder.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Note the flags of all five countries flying at the entrance to the building.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Pathfinder building was <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075857/https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive/joint-forces-intelligence-group-achieves-full-operating-capability-22092014/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">described in 2014</a>, one year
after its construction, as “headquarters to [the U.K.’s Joint Forces
Intelligence Group] and home to the Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre (DIFC).”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Within the new Pathfinder Building at Wyton, the Joint
Intelligence Operations Centre (JIOC) coordinates Intelligence, Surveillance
and Reconnaissance (ISR) for Defence, while the DIFC brings together Geospatial
intelligence for the Nation and Intelligence Fusion for Defence.”</p><p class="MsoNormal">The image below is an architect's rendering of the building's interior. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ4wSsfH74t4NZtmnXXX-53B2r_ym0kkiYn4qfxLazFiF8FEK_PUzrnrCZwi6iRGSWJGW5b1gd5aK0BRNu1yeK2zwejylVL7IAtzeB4MOEYXA9pRP3jm0TjDWwm4Hf5pAGHmZIvpYNSAtRdJNl_BI7JHMp-TFLL3Rp9YoybNku4Au9aoIowGlo/s1600/pathfinder.interior.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ4wSsfH74t4NZtmnXXX-53B2r_ym0kkiYn4qfxLazFiF8FEK_PUzrnrCZwi6iRGSWJGW5b1gd5aK0BRNu1yeK2zwejylVL7IAtzeB4MOEYXA9pRP3jm0TjDWwm4Hf5pAGHmZIvpYNSAtRdJNl_BI7JHMp-TFLL3Rp9YoybNku4Au9aoIowGlo/w400-h225/pathfinder.interior.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Whether Canada has personnel in the building and, if so,
whether it is one or two analysts working on exchange or a somewhat larger
formal detachment has not been revealed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I would assume that the SIGINT part of the Five Eyes partnership also
benefits from the use of follow the sun working, although the partner agencies focus
their efforts on national priorities and also divide some of their work
according to geographic and topical specialties. </p><p class="MsoNormal">The Five Eyes SIGINT partners also exchange
personnel and, in some cases, have deployed detachments to work at partner facilities.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In Canada’s case, CSE has a liaison office and also some
personnel serving on exchange with GCHQ, and normally at least two members of
the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group are on exchange at RAF Digby,
home of the Joint Service Signals Organization, JFIG’s SIGINT component.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With respect to the Canada-U.K. SIGINT relationship more
generally, the committee concluded that “it is apparent that GCHQ’s partnership
with its CSE counterparts – described as “flourishing” to the Committee – is
particularly strong.” (p. 83)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Canada joined UKUSA in 1948?</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Another interesting claim in the committee’s report is that
Canada joined UKUSA in 1948.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“The 1946 British–US Communication Intelligence Agreement –
subsequently known as the UKUSA Agreement – formalised the SIGINT partnership
and committed the UK and US to an unprecedented level of peacetime
co-operation. The UKUSA Agreement was subsequently extended to include Canada
(in 1948) and Australia and New Zealand (in 1956), thereby creating the ‘Five
Eyes’ intelligence-sharing alliance.” (p. 61)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Canada was the third country to join the UKUSA
intelligence-sharing Agreement (in 1948), and as such is one of the UK’s oldest
intelligence partners.” (p. 83)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Similar accounts have cropped up before. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In its <a href="http://www.sirc-csars.gc.ca/pdfs/ar_2010-2011-eng.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">2010-11 report</a>, the Security Intelligence Review
Committee summarized the history as follows: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“During the Second World War, Britain and the United States
worked together closely in intercepting the communications of their
enemies—what is commonly known as signals intelligence. In 1946, in the context
of the emerging Cold War with the Soviet Union, the two major powers decided to
institutionalize this cooperation through a formal agreement. Two years later,
Canada joined this alliance, with New Zealand and Australia following suit in
1956.” (p. 20)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">However, in 1990, Canada’s Intelligence Advisory Committee
provided a rather different take on this history in its classified overview of
the Canadian intelligence community:</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiggldvhShjume0V-pjcGr6WuEdTZK5I5NtMf-RxulJugpxiVFipNpayVqIK6UMpWhf1NK3Ln2pJ-ULRULLjMHouW9WUJOHUrOHcvdJJtVVYxzy0Wg5iu0vjSNwUqFf-p6aMq60MQ5d9rLrS3jGJANrhX4yF7_GN17VBxkykpmqpV7i5JP1BVwC/s1387/iac.1990.agreements.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="1387" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiggldvhShjume0V-pjcGr6WuEdTZK5I5NtMf-RxulJugpxiVFipNpayVqIK6UMpWhf1NK3Ln2pJ-ULRULLjMHouW9WUJOHUrOHcvdJJtVVYxzy0Wg5iu0vjSNwUqFf-p6aMq60MQ5d9rLrS3jGJANrhX4yF7_GN17VBxkykpmqpV7i5JP1BVwC/w400-h178/iac.1990.agreements.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In this telling, the BRUSA (later called UKUSA) agreement
was signed in 1945; Canada, Australia, and New Zealand all agreed to join the
accord in 1946; and formal agreement incorporating all five parties was reached in 1948. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As far as I can tell, none of these accounts is quite right.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Let’s start with the IAC. </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>While the text of the BRUSA agreement had been agreed
by its U.S. and U.K. negotiators in virtually final form by November 1945, it
was formally signed by the two governments on 5 March 1946. Unless there was also an earlier signing, it’s just
wrong to say it was signed in 1945.</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>The BRUSA agreement included provision for participation
by Canada and other Commonwealth dominions in the partnership if they pledged
to abide by certain key clauses of the agreement, and Canada, Australia, and
New Zealand provisionally did so at the Commonwealth SIGINT Conference held in
February-March 1946. So, if you’re flexible about what it means to “join” the
agreement, that part of the IAC account is right.</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>In December 1947, the U.S. and U.K. moved to further
formalize the status of the Commonwealth collaborators, limiting the
anticipated pool to the existing three countries and laying out the
requirements those countries would have to follow in a new appendix to the
BRUSA agreement, Appendix J. As part of those requirements, the two parties
agreed that the U.K. would “obtain from the Sigint authorities of the
collaborating Dominions formal assurance that they will abide by the terms of
paragraphs 5, 8, and 9 of the [BRUSA] Agreement and of paragraph 5 of Appendix
E to that agreement.” In February 1948, the U.K. conveyed those assurances to
the U.S., and when the U.S. and U.K. updated the BRUSA appendices in July 1948
a footnote to that effect was added to Appendix J. These developments are
probably the basis for the claim that a formal five-party agreement was signed
in 1948. But, in fact, the BRUSA agreement remained a two-party agreement.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There is no evidence, or at least no evidence that I’m aware
of, that any actual five-party agreement that could be considered in any way
comparable to the BRUSA agreement was signed in 1948 or indeed at any time
during the Cold War. The two-party BRUSA agreement was still a two-party
agreement at the time it was renamed UKUSA in 1952, and it remained a two-party
agreement for the decades that followed. The other three countries were members
of the UKUSA partnership, were considered Second Parties, and even had some say
over portions of the agreement that affected them, but they were never
signatories, and relations among the partner agencies were mostly bilateral
rather than Five Eyes-wide. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to an <a href="https://theintercept.com/snowden-sidtoday/3008327-jesi-don-t-lose-that-number/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">NSA document</a> leaked by Edward
Snowden, “Although NSA has had bilateral relationships with individual Second
Party countries going back to the 1940's and 1950's, we did not have any group
(5-EYES) partnership until 1993." </p><p class="MsoNormal">It is only since the 1990s that the Five
Eyes partnership has operated on the basis of regular five-party meetings and governance
structures.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Another notable piece of negative evidence can be found in
the chronology of significant events recorded in the official <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2019/08/history-of-cbnrc.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i>History of
CBNRC</i></a> (CBNRC was CSE’s name prior to 1975). The page for 1948 contains one
redacted entry and a couple of other minor redactions, but there is nothing that
might represent a major five-party SIGINT agreement. (The redacted entry is
cited to paragraph 9 of chapter 5, which discusses the competition between
strategic and tactical priorities in the naval intercept and direction-finding
program. SIGINT partners and agreements are mostly discussed in chapter 11.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGuwhcMwEf5boVj6WUvg1gU9bDTOSozBM9YxB0DkENtHXH4KfZ5_ZNiRVctEUFRXb65AtJ3Cq4WRZMOb5gawLkKN3w36P4ie0lnXPxmgUVBcJCnVwaZN2rvNgmub1bi4boL-q1cGPqj6GT0M1G3kYtsD_Rhcg31-g0gsuxjFxxTEqCZM8smhgx/s1161/history%20of%20cbnrc.1948%20chronology.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="1161" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGuwhcMwEf5boVj6WUvg1gU9bDTOSozBM9YxB0DkENtHXH4KfZ5_ZNiRVctEUFRXb65AtJ3Cq4WRZMOb5gawLkKN3w36P4ie0lnXPxmgUVBcJCnVwaZN2rvNgmub1bi4boL-q1cGPqj6GT0M1G3kYtsD_Rhcg31-g0gsuxjFxxTEqCZM8smhgx/w400-h183/history%20of%20cbnrc.1948%20chronology.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The author of the SIGINT portion of the history, former CSE
Chief Kevin O’Neill, was already a senior CBNRC official in 1948, so it is hard
to believe he would have failed to include an agreement of such importance in
this chronology if a formal quinquepartite agreement actually existed. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Still, for what it’s worth, a CSE document from 2013 makes
an almost identical claim, minus the five-dollar word:</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmf54siilB9Bk68MB8dQxLrIbKiGLga9da_SqQTgOb4ZeOEl7MxV70v7wcQfc5g8KKCyVqx_TIh9qMnJdwpneEgUdmt36Sy7ZMVbtglsAbEgcrPFX0IwzgBLJiUOMGM6S19zIg109BND9Lg9Gb3IE98CZcK_L1eQQ0Jm29bN_G6ob6O6IRfzkZ/s1313/cse.2013.1948%20agreement.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="231" data-original-width="1313" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmf54siilB9Bk68MB8dQxLrIbKiGLga9da_SqQTgOb4ZeOEl7MxV70v7wcQfc5g8KKCyVqx_TIh9qMnJdwpneEgUdmt36Sy7ZMVbtglsAbEgcrPFX0IwzgBLJiUOMGM6S19zIg109BND9Lg9Gb3IE98CZcK_L1eQQ0Jm29bN_G6ob6O6IRfzkZ/w400-h70/cse.2013.1948%20agreement.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So, what’s going on here?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With a vigorous amount of mental contortion, it is possible
to interpret these statements not as claims that a single, specific five-party accord
was formally agreed in 1948, but as acknowledgments that by 1948 all five
countries had in some manner formally agreed to abide by certain key BRUSA
provisions. Arguably, that was a development of some significance, although evidently
not enough to impress Kevin O’Neill.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Maybe that’s all that those statements were intended to mean. In
their plain readings, however, they just seem to be wrong. </p><p class="MsoNormal">(That said, I’d be
happy to see evidence to the contrary.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Let’s turn now to the U.K. Intelligence and Security
Committee’s account.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The ISC, you’ll recall, reported that Canada joined UKUSA in
1948, but that Australia and New Zealand didn’t do so until 1956. Clearly, then,
the committee did not have the formal assurances that the three countries
provided to the U.K. in 1948 in mind. And the ISC certainly makes no mention of
any five-party accord in that year. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The big event that occurred in 1956 was the formal approval
by Australia and New Zealand of the conditions for SIGINT cooperation with the
U.S. that were negotiated at and in the wake of the Melbourne Tripartite Conference of September
1953 and then added to the UKUSA agreement as Annexure J1 in 1955. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">At the time, Australia’s Defence Signals Branch (DSB) was a
joint British/Australian/New Zealand organization staffed mainly by Australians but with a significant British contingent and also some New Zealanders.
(New Zealand had a radio intercept program and contributed personnel to the DSB,
but it had no SIGINT agency of its own until 1977.) The 1956 developments were
the culmination of the DSB’s transition from an organization whose only
connection to U.S. SIGINT was through GCHQ to one that maintained direct
contacts and undertook joint work with the U.S. as well as the U.K.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That’s a significant milestone, and perhaps a reasonable
place to identify as the point where Australia and New Zealand truly became
UKUSA partners as opposed to just British partners.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But if that’s the criterion we use to judge Australian and
New Zealand participation in UKUSA, what does the 1948 date ascribed to Canada
correspond to? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It might be argued that the <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2017/04/canusa-agreement-declassified.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">CANUSA agreement</a>, which
formalized SIGINT relations between Canada and the United States, is the
logical counterpart to the DSB’s 1956 transition. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But the CANUSA agreement was finalized in 1949, not 1948. So,
that doesn’t explain the ISC’s date. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I can’t find anything that does explain it. Just as there is
nothing in the <i>History of CBNRC</i> chronology for 1948 that corresponds to
a five-party SIGINT agreement, there is nothing that suggests that the UKUSA
agreement was “extended to include Canada” during that year.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So, it’s a mystery — and one that also applies to the SIRC
account quoted above.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The idea of picking a single date may be part of the problem
here.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The integration of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand into the
UKUSA partnership is probably best understood as a gradual process of growing interaction and deepening
ties that played out over decades — a process that arguably is still playing out as the
nature of the partnership itself continues to evolve — so it is quite difficult and perhaps not very helpful to choose a specific date and proclaim it as the line between in
and out.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Even what seems like a single event can in fact extend over
several years. For example, the <i>History of CBNRC</i> dates Australian (and
by implication New Zealand) entry into the partnership to September 1953, the
date of the Melbourne Tripartite Conference, arguably the key decision
point in the process of integration that culminated in the 1956 formal approval of UKUSA
annexure J1 that the ISC report identifies as the moment of partnership.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguMZfs6ioGObf07NSqXEMnjwptVm-HjjbQIj3xWG4kEXYMB16l7fruvOjvDjez3tCcr2hswelUGEPG5fMib5d6dYPMr1QHzSbaA3uxzixJ_svh61B0aXOgbaUaKcHEEElqywZeNhXCSJ6lxf8X-vvsXpDjBcE3wuHmwSQHew-QNSBz-cejE2vH/s1241/history%20of%20cbnrc.1953%20chronology.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="693" data-original-width="1241" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguMZfs6ioGObf07NSqXEMnjwptVm-HjjbQIj3xWG4kEXYMB16l7fruvOjvDjez3tCcr2hswelUGEPG5fMib5d6dYPMr1QHzSbaA3uxzixJ_svh61B0aXOgbaUaKcHEEElqywZeNhXCSJ6lxf8X-vvsXpDjBcE3wuHmwSQHew-QNSBz-cejE2vH/w400-h224/history%20of%20cbnrc.1953%20chronology.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In Canada’s case, if we do want to pick a year, I think neither 1948
nor 1949 is the one we ought to be looking at.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In my view, Canada was a participant in the post-war
UKUSA partnership from the start. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Canada’s residual wartime cryptologic units, consolidated
into the Joint Discrimination Unit (JDU) at the beginning of August 1945,
remained in operation when the war ended, evolving a year later into the
Communications Branch of the National Research Council (CBNRC), which ultimately
became CSE. A number of intercept stations also remained in operation, although
with reduced staffs. The Canadian government retained these facilities with the
explicit expectation that the Canadian post-war SIGINT effort would operate as
part of a greater U.S. and U.K. partnership.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Even as they were negotiating that post-war partnership, the U.S. and U.K. also anticipated that combined work with Canada would continue. By
November 1945, following consultations with Canadian officials, they had written
that expectation into the provisional text of the BRUSA agreement. Canada’s anticipated
role was also recognized in the recommendations of the Commonwealth SIGINT
Conference held in February-March 1946, which acknowledged that Canada would
not be working solely with Commonwealth partners: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"Canada's geographical position and treaty relations
with the U.S.A. make it necessary for her to be able to work directly with
Washington. The allocation of interception and cryptographic tasks and the dissemination
of Signal Intelligence results to Ottawa will therefore be matters for
consultation between Signal Intelligence authorities in Ottawa, Washington and
London."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Interim post-war assignments had already been allocated to
Ottawa by both London and Washington by that time. While Canada’s intercept and
cryptologic efforts were both very small, they were at least
marginally operational, worked directly with their U.S. and U.K. counterparts, and were in
the process of becoming more capable. In January 1947, CBNRC began working on
one of the partnership’s core efforts, processing a portion of the traffic carried
by one of the Soviet Union’s most important high-level cryptographic systems, the
teleprinter the UKUSA partners called Coleridge. The annual report of the U.S.
Army Security Agency (ASA) for fiscal year 1947 (i.e., July 1946 to June 1947) noted
that “channels of liaison with other communications-intelligence agencies were
gradually systematized and standardized by implementation of joint processing
agreements with the British (LSIC), the Navy (CSAW), and the Canadians
(CBO)." </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As time went on, Canada became increasingly integrated into the partnership, exchanging liaison officers with the U.S. and securing improved access to U.S. SIGINT reporting after the
1949 CANUSA agreement, for example. The nature of Canada’s participation in the
partnership has extended and deepened in many ways in the decades since. </p><p class="MsoNormal">But
the fundamental partnership decision had been made by all three parties by the fall of 1945: although
never a signatory of the BRUSA/UKUSA agreement itself and always a junior player, Canada was a partner
from the beginning. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-36717615098516483862024-02-20T16:26:00.002-05:002024-02-20T18:02:20.820-05:00Redactile dysfunction<p>Anyone who uses Canada’s access to information process on a
regular basis will likely come to suspect that information is occasionally
withheld not for national security or other legitimate reasons, but to protect
the institution withholding the information from potential embarrassment or
controversy. This is not a legitimate reason for withholding information under
the access law, but since the information in question has been, well, withheld,
it is very difficult to detect this unlawful practice when it may occur.
Normally.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Occasionally, however, we do get to see the information that
lies behind the redactions — and, perhaps unsurprisingly, in some of those
cases our suspicions do seem justified.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Case in point: In 2021, NSIRA released the declassified
version of its <i><a href="https://nsira-ossnr.gc.ca/en/reviews/ongoing-and-completed-reviews/completed-reviews/review-of-the-communications-security-establishments-self-identified-privacy-incidents-and-procedural-errors/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Review of CSE’s Self-Identified Privacy Incidents and Procedural Errors</a></i> (NSIRA Review 08-501-2). This was not
an access to information release as such, but the report had been subjected to
a comparable redaction process overseen by CSE prior to its release.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Among the items redacted from NSIRA’s report were the
details of one of the practices CSE had been using to mitigate privacy
incidents during which CSE or one of its Second Party partners had inadvertently
identified a Canadian person or institution in SIGINT reports.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOTWH4ZM3h6h08g6W2bI_TkNsaUUo_YZl9vMWbDNo98J0NTKWnh8pnF6lKgdsSjBrLfSwD_Om-8wOEaIKhov7gDrVhe8xQyQqOwS0nL22T7HAbCUillnHhRJWDc7rh3ZzvKxSTBuxcwKQU8Rdei9Xh4VZSq-keISjLZl0E987G1VJy92oTln0s/s1110/nsira.4mar21.p20.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="1110" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOTWH4ZM3h6h08g6W2bI_TkNsaUUo_YZl9vMWbDNo98J0NTKWnh8pnF6lKgdsSjBrLfSwD_Om-8wOEaIKhov7gDrVhe8xQyQqOwS0nL22T7HAbCUillnHhRJWDc7rh3ZzvKxSTBuxcwKQU8Rdei9Xh4VZSq-keISjLZl0E987G1VJy92oTln0s/w400-h126/nsira.4mar21.p20.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">NSIRA did not believe that the practice was an appropriate
way to respond to such cases and recommended that it be rescinded. </p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyHKV18HS8I1vEnmO3ePAaY48DEaZ1A-gc1lbzrPyJP_6c2UDe8nxW4nQs82YYN2Vn_QwCJkh2Ol_MkDlAkVHocMSiad8Ul_xWmoef_Bcqz233XBlEAMi2VDjDNNxdiJBTM2Nn7VjMwLkvlyHGuyl8XGEk3lZ-4HDbjVVToFDMAhkEzhwTIzBA/s1439/nsira.4mar21.p21.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="1439" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyHKV18HS8I1vEnmO3ePAaY48DEaZ1A-gc1lbzrPyJP_6c2UDe8nxW4nQs82YYN2Vn_QwCJkh2Ol_MkDlAkVHocMSiad8Ul_xWmoef_Bcqz233XBlEAMi2VDjDNNxdiJBTM2Nn7VjMwLkvlyHGuyl8XGEk3lZ-4HDbjVVToFDMAhkEzhwTIzBA/w400-h106/nsira.4mar21.p21.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I was reminded of this report recently when I was going
through <a href="https://open.canada.ca/en/search/ati/reference/533a96ff63f4de81cfd6e82f0883dc37" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">CSE’s response to access to information request A-2022-00029</a>, in which the original
requester had sought the release of a series of briefing notes written by CSE
for the Minister of National Defence. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One of those briefing notes concerned NSIRA’s review and the
steps that CSE was taking to respond to it. It too redacted all details of that
particular mitigation technique, even though CSE had abolished the practice in response to NSIRA’s objections, and had in fact done so even
before NSIRA had finalized its report. </p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Af9rH3-Mk0gYwokuuDc4VayYPW7hteGDYDijd9U7O7dHmDgrNlPxlHCJbqRA36dJTvJ7VdpvCgSs6CUnYXLssIcrKkclEQgAH-jDXTv-CHVHJB-3kRPQTkdz7qWvJPboW4AHfMXEPGSNk7Wxla4ca5VKVj_9eVM9ZGaoqxulbM337HLShXUs/s911/a-2022-00029.p49.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="911" height="76" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Af9rH3-Mk0gYwokuuDc4VayYPW7hteGDYDijd9U7O7dHmDgrNlPxlHCJbqRA36dJTvJ7VdpvCgSs6CUnYXLssIcrKkclEQgAH-jDXTv-CHVHJB-3kRPQTkdz7qWvJPboW4AHfMXEPGSNk7Wxla4ca5VKVj_9eVM9ZGaoqxulbM337HLShXUs/w400-h76/a-2022-00029.p49.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What was this inappropriate practice which, even after its abandonment, was too sensitive
for NSIRA to be permitted to disclose? </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The NSIRA report did manage to retain one clue. A flowchart of CSE’s
process for responding to privacy incidents reproduced at the end of the report contained
this intriguing, partly redacted step possibly relevant to NSIRA’s concerns:</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIGD4Xu2ietO-oWiIPfXUhuwe-pKRfowvKv8R7P7hZQfZBpS-CRJUYlmGvdVIn7NoPXt_ApeqN7po-A9JC1QAErM1gubXd9_eO_xA_78-zOLBztBRJjUkZxzsfoPUo55tFOtWAmW7YnNoOIJ8dynDZz5uosLd5RV7OKhBiBEzZRCGq4yF6MKBc/s254/nsira.4mar21.p27.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="233" data-original-width="254" height="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIGD4Xu2ietO-oWiIPfXUhuwe-pKRfowvKv8R7P7hZQfZBpS-CRJUYlmGvdVIn7NoPXt_ApeqN7po-A9JC1QAErM1gubXd9_eO_xA_78-zOLBztBRJjUkZxzsfoPUo55tFOtWAmW7YnNoOIJ8dynDZz5uosLd5RV7OKhBiBEzZRCGq4yF6MKBc/w400-h367/nsira.4mar21.p27.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To get the full answer, however, you have to turn to the
<a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2023/03/bccla-posts-cse-documents.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">documents that were provided to the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association</a> (BCCLA) during its recent litigation against CSE. (Those documents were also subjected to a stringent redaction process, but — possibly because they were provided for use in the Federal Court — the redactions were often less sweeping than those made to documents released through the access to information process.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to sections 8.3 and 8.4 of <i>OPS-1-7:
Operational Procedures for Naming in SIGINT Reports</i> (provided to the BCCLA
as document AGC 0019), </p>
<blockquote>Generally speaking, you must cancel and reissue reports in
which you inadvertently named or contextually identified Canadians or Second
Parties. However, after issuing a number of reports (more than 10) in which you
named or contextually identified Canadians or Second Parties you believed to be
foreign, you may learn that the person, corporation or organization is actually
Canadian (or Second Party). In this case, you <i>may</i> be able to obtain retroactive
blanket approval for these historical reports.</blockquote>
<blockquote>You must contact Operational Policy, who will assess
retroactive blanket approval requests on a case-by-case basis. The Director,
COP is responsible for granting retroactive blanket approvals. With a
retroactive blanket approval you do not need to cancel or reissue these 10 or
more historical reports since this might draw unwanted attention to the inadvertently
identified Canadian.</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW6_7QB9YBwa-mI-EjKzKYYwRFUNnRd0BlZD6OO5XydOAvYJro2Sk3FUc1dsZMgXm2373bRkq8mXdMLP47INhitkHVObwtg3e06k31JXJX0MX8nG8j03g_JGMSkGEK2AFjjPqPcMcE93BY8z5P_2t5hX49C_hHq9kprYESllhHSj4fp-0MCd0S/s1370/agc0019.p30.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="1370" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW6_7QB9YBwa-mI-EjKzKYYwRFUNnRd0BlZD6OO5XydOAvYJro2Sk3FUc1dsZMgXm2373bRkq8mXdMLP47INhitkHVObwtg3e06k31JXJX0MX8nG8j03g_JGMSkGEK2AFjjPqPcMcE93BY8z5P_2t5hX49C_hHq9kprYESllhHSj4fp-0MCd0S/w400-h116/agc0019.p30.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH2V2TB0FDMeU06HXikhMM4FnsPyYUNTmS9XyD_H76wxH8CO1CRnyfNOEo27LKyQz2JDwqY57_95EDFmLenkzmn2FkK39eErtoG9Ku5MPCmWZh93zzz3ua__2CCGhQ2CGH6PvoH6UqmzFtzfaeLX6xOLPQ11sKLGGGUPlHHvWjyPhJGOnPoaii/s1356/agc0019.p31.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="1356" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH2V2TB0FDMeU06HXikhMM4FnsPyYUNTmS9XyD_H76wxH8CO1CRnyfNOEo27LKyQz2JDwqY57_95EDFmLenkzmn2FkK39eErtoG9Ku5MPCmWZh93zzz3ua__2CCGhQ2CGH6PvoH6UqmzFtzfaeLX6xOLPQ11sKLGGGUPlHHvWjyPhJGOnPoaii/w400-h116/agc0019.p31.png" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">It was this policy of retroactive naming approval that NSIRA
objected to, and that CSE agreed to rescind but evidently wanted to keep secret.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Why keep this information secret? </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Nothing about this information reveals even the slightest clue
about what CSE and its partners seek to collect intelligence on, how they go
about collecting intelligence, how their own security might be compromised, or
anything else of a legitimately sensitive nature.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">All it does is tell Canadians that if CSE or its partners name
or contextually identify you in 10 or more reports under the mistaken belief
that you are not Canadian, and then later they learn the truth, the response in
at least some cases in the past was to retroactively approve the mentions in
the old reports on the rather doubtful grounds that dredging up those reports to
either cancel or correct them might draw more attention to the individuals inappropriately
named than leaving them untouched in the files.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Is it embarrassing for CSE that it used to embrace a policy that
both NSIRA and now CSE itself recognize was not an appropriate
way to protect Canadians’ privacy? Potentially, sure, yes. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Is it embarrassing that CSE needs to have a policy for what
to do when it or its partners mistakenly identify a Canadian on 10 or more separate
occasions? Yeah, that too. There are reasons why that sort of error happens,
but it’s certainly not a great look.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is not the only case in which CSE redacted information
for no evident reason other than it was potentially embarrassing. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The agency also did it to this recommendation from a June 2006 report
by NSIRA’s predecessor, the CSE Commissioner: </p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAhFeRXmp00zGSvrh14eOlr2fN0Tq895OlYXCem_WlowDMde5yOxG6KD1kC264_MeSE85mAmOmbAsZapjYn7_6FegeUepJH6ozyIHYYeTuupOV0r21EyK3O5C35UyGm-dByx6XCxUw_n-mE1GHDVxRjnX5kkTdGeQJaJvU7MqRrJFL2eIc07h8/s1133/ocsec.june2006.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="1133" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAhFeRXmp00zGSvrh14eOlr2fN0Tq895OlYXCem_WlowDMde5yOxG6KD1kC264_MeSE85mAmOmbAsZapjYn7_6FegeUepJH6ozyIHYYeTuupOV0r21EyK3O5C35UyGm-dByx6XCxUw_n-mE1GHDVxRjnX5kkTdGeQJaJvU7MqRrJFL2eIc07h8/w400-h138/ocsec.june2006.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Once again, we know the missing words thanks to a document provided
to the BCCLA (AGC 0260):</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisbkm39yQait_4pajANaBCJgfX1i1o6lvcWnyua0j7w6SqPMKNCDkhDYSghOHgndKE-6WDTeqFiPXo3_OlJyM7cFlqR3VwjRYunmZiSAhFiez9naQYYM3k6WfJAb8rYkzKNj9vbpAKjBPK3F6wQXEUWe2XpjxQRIqqJhb_BidSN_COZeYPzt7I/s1199/agc0260.p19.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="1199" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisbkm39yQait_4pajANaBCJgfX1i1o6lvcWnyua0j7w6SqPMKNCDkhDYSghOHgndKE-6WDTeqFiPXo3_OlJyM7cFlqR3VwjRYunmZiSAhFiez9naQYYM3k6WfJAb8rYkzKNj9vbpAKjBPK3F6wQXEUWe2XpjxQRIqqJhb_BidSN_COZeYPzt7I/w400-h126/agc0260.p19.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The text that CSE redacted was: “and ensure that all
decisions and resulting activities are based upon criteria that have been
consistently applied and are statutorily defensible.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Is it embarrassing for CSE that the CSE Commissioner felt obliged to recommend that all the agency’s decisions and actions be based on
consistently applied and statutorily defensible criteria? Arguably, yes, since
it implies that CSE had sometimes failed to do so in the past.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But is there any way in which redacting those words from a document obtained through the Access to Information Act could be
construed as itself statutorily defensible? Not a [redacted] chance.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Access to Information Act is a law, and it applies to
CSE as much as to any other federal government institution. That act gives those
institutions an <a href="https://www.oic-ci.gc.ca/en/information-commissioners-guidance/investigators-guide-interpreting-act/interpretation-exercise-discretion" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">enormous amount of discretion</a> in deciding what information to
release and what to withhold, but it does not give them the option to withhold
information just because they think it could make them look bad.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Let me repeat that. Potential embarrassment is NOT A LAWFUL
JUSTIFICATION FOR REDACTING INFORMATION requested under the Access to
Information Act. It’s just not. </p><p class="MsoNormal">It’s not. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">How often does this sort of redaction get made? Who knows?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Is it too much to ask that CSE hold itself — or, if
necessary, that NSIRA hold CSE — to the standard of compliance with this law?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-33026507217343142022024-02-13T00:58:00.003-05:002024-02-13T01:00:30.712-05:00RIP David Kahn<p>U.S. journalist and author David Kahn died on January 24th. He was 93.<br /></p><p>Kahn's 1967 book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Codebreakers" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Codebreakers</a></i>, which covered the history of code making and breaking from its ancient origins to the mid-20th century, thrust the previously little known field of cryptology into the public eye to an unprecedented degree and thus helped open the era of public discussion of signals intelligence.</p><p>Preferring its comfortable obscurity, the U.S. National Security Agency feared the impending publication of the book so much that it looked for ways to prevent its publication. Fortunately, it was unsuccessful. In the years since then the agency has gradually come to recognize the value of greater public awareness of its work. In 2020 it inducted Kahn into its <a href="https://www.nsa.gov/History/Cryptologic-History/Historical-Figures/Historical-Figures-View/Article/2446960/dr-david-kahn/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cryptologic Hall of Honor</a>. </p><p>In addition to writing <i>The Codebreakers</i>, Kahn was one of the founding editors of the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/ucry20" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i>Cryptologia</i></a>. In 1991 I sent him a draft of an article that I had written about CSE's 1980s cryptanalytic renaissance, and when he very graciously replied it was with a copy-edited version accepted for publication in the journal. "<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0161-119291866748" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Fall and Rise of Cryptanalysis in Canada</a>" appeared in the January 1992 issue. You can read a slightly updated version I posted on this blog <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2008/06/fall-and-rise-of-cryptanalysis-at-cse.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.</p><p><i>The New York Times</i> published an <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/09/us/david-kahn-dead.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">excellent obituary of David Kahn</a> on February 9th.<br /></p><p>R.I.P.<br /></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-80481043331400960532024-01-29T18:40:00.004-05:002024-02-03T11:55:42.958-05:00One small step for transparency...<p>...one giant leap for common sense? </p><p>Possibly.</p><p>SLINGSHOT is CSE's "SIGINT production and dissemination system. It is used for gathering client requirements; end-product report (EPR) authoring, storage and searching/retrieval (including Second Party reports). It also allows for monitoring and logging of client access to EPRs."</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX2_XSOWp_RlVcQ5XZZbF3tyvsHa8J1mTeV7tXqPEVg-MeHbGxZHPs_op3lvdaPqNvQsfq5QZiiM04T6zwKqRUxX7CNJhjF0SBlqVzNQGE8G62Vs25dI2ze0yppQ5at33xd5FJz3oK8mdsxUXYMka9qsfZAba7EtTil1Z2pNNpxdxpyal6rVs5/s1183/slingshot%20agc0188.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="124" data-original-width="1183" height="43" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX2_XSOWp_RlVcQ5XZZbF3tyvsHa8J1mTeV7tXqPEVg-MeHbGxZHPs_op3lvdaPqNvQsfq5QZiiM04T6zwKqRUxX7CNJhjF0SBlqVzNQGE8G62Vs25dI2ze0yppQ5at33xd5FJz3oK8mdsxUXYMka9qsfZAba7EtTil1Z2pNNpxdxpyal6rVs5/w400-h43/slingshot%20agc0188.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p>For two decades, CSE has insisted on redacting SLINGSHOT's name whenever it appears in documents released to the public — as in the example shown above — despite the fact the name has been publicly known for almost all those years. </p><p>It looks like that policy may finally have changed.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>SOMOS for that secret</b></span><br /></p><p>As long ago as 2006, the consulting firm that helped develop the system revealed its name in a web post: <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg55Zyy3ZbT1onf6QCjBrX1-_5rpi1c7nMUsaBNW6ShbhgErP8Bz6dzswZE11g0GivsQyRkhBrH0Y0xW_nDngPpBMwYL5TyLa3OgdpJjWO-6yaZB9l23rB5B0GdgoIRjDP8Ph-8DdD1UMw9yYoPVxx0QvVCE7D3TFRpHATxeIMJPa5urirV27fj/s842/slingshot%20somos.png" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="842" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg55Zyy3ZbT1onf6QCjBrX1-_5rpi1c7nMUsaBNW6ShbhgErP8Bz6dzswZE11g0GivsQyRkhBrH0Y0xW_nDngPpBMwYL5TyLa3OgdpJjWO-6yaZB9l23rB5B0GdgoIRjDP8Ph-8DdD1UMw9yYoPVxx0QvVCE7D3TFRpHATxeIMJPa5urirV27fj/s400/slingshot%20somos.png" width="400" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p>The system was also mentioned in a number of the Five Eyes documents that Edward Snowden leaked in 2013. For example:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQkFgRGrXz3Att1btKcJb35UwyeWq3msdFAFLbVjAV43Iesv7a-aEsNNAzNSYwRYIcwEInw_4KLqb0PTTWlIX4W8A12jUeNcTK8eNsYPm3zWcdcrMPg2ZHFp_RS04HTeJRFcT4WskGM2M8IM1RTQoQGjOO8lJ2YF59ILM6YC07W8rXTsvWEINJ/s1059/slingshot%20sidtoday.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="1059" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQkFgRGrXz3Att1btKcJb35UwyeWq3msdFAFLbVjAV43Iesv7a-aEsNNAzNSYwRYIcwEInw_4KLqb0PTTWlIX4W8A12jUeNcTK8eNsYPm3zWcdcrMPg2ZHFp_RS04HTeJRFcT4WskGM2M8IM1RTQoQGjOO8lJ2YF59ILM6YC07W8rXTsvWEINJ/w400-h88/slingshot%20sidtoday.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>Those revelations were of course unauthorized, but the name was also confirmed in a number of official document releases when the redactors evidently failed to catch it.</p><p>Such as:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKgIQMiDtlxwMtCMXstZyX7ZgGKJJQUm7-jkr2UPI0YO0eJh_whGpGt096DVpdmiWHH-uhGSWGSsxVYseYZ7iOlOlYvGyOMTAHTytqSJmCUnjBj25Fxn2JXMdjOiuoYRuCKKbF5OsXe8WEGnC-XUe1fTGuV1kftvz7KXMLYTNltUMsCOpC4HXJ/s1068/slingshot%20csec.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="1068" height="68" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKgIQMiDtlxwMtCMXstZyX7ZgGKJJQUm7-jkr2UPI0YO0eJh_whGpGt096DVpdmiWHH-uhGSWGSsxVYseYZ7iOlOlYvGyOMTAHTytqSJmCUnjBj25Fxn2JXMdjOiuoYRuCKKbF5OsXe8WEGnC-XUe1fTGuV1kftvz7KXMLYTNltUMsCOpC4HXJ/w400-h68/slingshot%20csec.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>And: <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyEvgAIGGAeuCilhTTDh3U-Jrmzhk6RuDH_ZkkOhACgsOS0va7MOEGaKuPMW6FkGk_pOt99teSxqf3dp5MNVUkzoUXbJCZ-QZ8sgKlAJP12UtlljPPrya0UaiCq8ycFYAseRPOPGTnvgCMCudbEW5XSB0tfOz6Ksrb7JVxn_ZDFCIkbOBGEnGx/s1355/slingshot%20agc0159.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="1355" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyEvgAIGGAeuCilhTTDh3U-Jrmzhk6RuDH_ZkkOhACgsOS0va7MOEGaKuPMW6FkGk_pOt99teSxqf3dp5MNVUkzoUXbJCZ-QZ8sgKlAJP12UtlljPPrya0UaiCq8ycFYAseRPOPGTnvgCMCudbEW5XSB0tfOz6Ksrb7JVxn_ZDFCIkbOBGEnGx/w400-h104/slingshot%20agc0159.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>Still, the blanket redaction policy went on. </p><p>This example, and it's just one of many, is from an NSIRA report released in 2021:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBI8wJFFEn8fzBuacqAyFU2t0cqrynIVtkg140xnyi6ONYQwBU6Xl2Ve71RUpszoSWcQLM05zSb-Tl00LYlrjyad1q1zgco70Nak5Y2_QznEEfhyI2eDsQMaJPPAP2BmJPhs_oHN-OAalUhVbqkfBRyVz1TKDzr9Vqvvi-oLUIwC3oE-o8Qjzc/s1432/slingshot%202021.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="1432" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBI8wJFFEn8fzBuacqAyFU2t0cqrynIVtkg140xnyi6ONYQwBU6Xl2Ve71RUpszoSWcQLM05zSb-Tl00LYlrjyad1q1zgco70Nak5Y2_QznEEfhyI2eDsQMaJPPAP2BmJPhs_oHN-OAalUhVbqkfBRyVz1TKDzr9Vqvvi-oLUIwC3oE-o8Qjzc/w400-h122/slingshot%202021.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Schrödinger's CATAPULT</b></span> <br /></p><p>That report, incidentally, contained my favourite redaction of all time, a sort of quantum superposition in which the word SLINGSHOT was redacted for anyone who didn't know what it was but was obvious to anyone who did:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlOKMPZ1H_0PQw7Sih2EPWpzMjXP4pFI2lCVg5gQgHeTid__hpL9lAwpB5l98OOhF_9jMsIfCpqsoJWADqpmtZdJmu7KC3gro6xDsGc0Yv4zktHTeoMaJQD6OMB17UtPR_CDU1JQfpqhtJ5xqv-tIML7Fdz8FKdJpiOgKSvwrDftRUIaODUx-T/s1373/slingshot%20quantum.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="138" data-original-width="1373" height="40" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlOKMPZ1H_0PQw7Sih2EPWpzMjXP4pFI2lCVg5gQgHeTid__hpL9lAwpB5l98OOhF_9jMsIfCpqsoJWADqpmtZdJmu7KC3gro6xDsGc0Yv4zktHTeoMaJQD6OMB17UtPR_CDU1JQfpqhtJ5xqv-tIML7Fdz8FKdJpiOgKSvwrDftRUIaODUx-T/w400-h40/slingshot%20quantum.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p></p><p>It's both there and not there at the same time!</p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">SLINGSHOT comes into the light </span></b><br /></p><p>Has the madness finally ended? Maybe.</p><p>NSIRA's report on CSE internal sharing of information related to Canadians, released on January 25th, contains not one, but two, unredacted instances of SLINGSHOT's name, suggesting that we may be witnessing a deliberate decision by CSE to declassify the name rather than a routine redaction fail. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTSnHTCeQeuFBTQsHFBA99_bATtc62ZD5o1cqFj_cMKltgrf0LlfoG_0uX4bZ7ZV6r534pT_lXI7iClrcrZzf7cg32DlEUYecscizOvrCeNI6DRA3CSLu2Xl6VnUn3hWIlH0Sa9GaFRDwToMaidAl5Qis_q3u7Krjn2W6BOU5tb6pAfD0W4l-8/s1159/nsira.25jan24.slingshot2.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="1159" height="103" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTSnHTCeQeuFBTQsHFBA99_bATtc62ZD5o1cqFj_cMKltgrf0LlfoG_0uX4bZ7ZV6r534pT_lXI7iClrcrZzf7cg32DlEUYecscizOvrCeNI6DRA3CSLu2Xl6VnUn3hWIlH0Sa9GaFRDwToMaidAl5Qis_q3u7Krjn2W6BOU5tb6pAfD0W4l-8/w400-h103/nsira.25jan24.slingshot2.png" width="400" /></a></div> <br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhb-xDMVaWNiywNKqQueQcrmZQ69tAVX4lf-15K0IPbJbCE0Pa7JyY-uaG8IC5Vf_hVzjjdpDyHzmkDBtJiHKlmG4xCicHydDoA6Ri5QitrCaJkOxJZ6x6r0nwOw1MJvB57ovju0SrHYyXaHby5M66sWJzNMSBwcDLb6YQm1hvf2TGMP6boryv/s1402/nsira.25jan24.slingshot.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="114" data-original-width="1402" height="32" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhb-xDMVaWNiywNKqQueQcrmZQ69tAVX4lf-15K0IPbJbCE0Pa7JyY-uaG8IC5Vf_hVzjjdpDyHzmkDBtJiHKlmG4xCicHydDoA6Ri5QitrCaJkOxJZ6x6r0nwOw1MJvB57ovju0SrHYyXaHby5M66sWJzNMSBwcDLb6YQm1hvf2TGMP6boryv/w400-h32/nsira.25jan24.slingshot.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>If this really is a change in policy, I'd like to think <a href="https://twitter.com/NewmanRobinson/status/1727716312011493864" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">my little rant</a> on Elon's Hell Site back in November had something to do with it. Maybe it gave the folks at NSIRA enough ammunition to convince CSE it really did make no sense to continue redacting SLINGSHOT.<br /></p><p>If so, it's one small step forward for transparency. </p><p>There is of course a whole lot more about CSE that is well known — or should be well known — that the agency continues to refuse to acknowledge or provide official information about on spurious security grounds. </p><p>Still, every journey starts with a single step.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Update 3 February 2024</b>: </p><p>Yet another instance of SLINGSHOT unredacted turned up just one day after this post was written, in a <a href="https://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/fc-cf/decisions/en/item/524856/index.do" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Federal Court ruling</a> issued on October 10th, 2023, but only made public in declassified form on January 30th.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlFG4TFbEvSOjKOl03JauTzxTBpDPT3wvYBJniFKhuphnJerF1Bd3gLnGJfOZm8j8GdsDgKn22XXtb0EFOChsOE-QbS0Udje8LPl7E8QhhwpIGILlN33xMxPuIINOh4dlrw3HWfbIEVIn3deQ58HiY2jiLuy0dCDkLBp7eI8PRXz87r5vPVUUd/s1389/slingshot%20fed%20court.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="1389" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlFG4TFbEvSOjKOl03JauTzxTBpDPT3wvYBJniFKhuphnJerF1Bd3gLnGJfOZm8j8GdsDgKn22XXtb0EFOChsOE-QbS0Udje8LPl7E8QhhwpIGILlN33xMxPuIINOh4dlrw3HWfbIEVIn3deQ58HiY2jiLuy0dCDkLBp7eI8PRXz87r5vPVUUd/w400-h84/slingshot%20fed%20court.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>It seems pretty clear now that this really is a change in policy. Score one for common sense!</p><p><br /></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-75209651349777155322023-11-13T18:07:00.001-05:002023-11-13T23:23:01.521-05:00The satellite monitoring site that never was<p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWROIepJKhc-UX3iTBFpWInfIBAVGuDsBrTyAgQ-t9tATOZwS5ZYQw-ywaTCPj1ZDniPM7H5z7XR-zEiukh6mBGYepuPPqsc0sLDxDc3LyowQ-KiwpO8AG94InWygcWcyrmjQ1bAcyJIyFLmVqSU8SLnaqPJG9mt8Qx5u04Le8nAFe1iDZCtLT/s1024/alberta%20site.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWROIepJKhc-UX3iTBFpWInfIBAVGuDsBrTyAgQ-t9tATOZwS5ZYQw-ywaTCPj1ZDniPM7H5z7XR-zEiukh6mBGYepuPPqsc0sLDxDc3LyowQ-KiwpO8AG94InWygcWcyrmjQ1bAcyJIyFLmVqSU8SLnaqPJG9mt8Qx5u04Le8nAFe1iDZCtLT/s320/alberta%20site.png" width="400" /></a></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Was Alberta once considered for the location of a satellite
monitoring site for CSE? That’s my current working hypothesis. </p><p class="MsoNormal">An access to
information request I recently submitted to the Privy Council Office may
eventually provide the evidence to confirm or reject that hypothesis — but only
if Ottawa can transcend its reflex for pointless redactions.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">During the 1980s, CSE undertook a major effort to modernize
the Canadian SIGINT program. Among other initiatives, the agency revitalized
its cryptanalytic capabilities, established intercept sites in Canadian
diplomatic facilities, began monitoring commercial satellite (COMSAT)
communications, and bolstered CSE’s staff by 50%. (You can read more about
CSE’s 1980s renaissance <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2023/10/the-seven-ages-of-canadian-sigint.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Satellite communications were an increasingly important part
of both government and non-government international telecommunications during
the 1980s. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Commercial communications satellite services began in 1965, when an
intergovernmental consortium called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">INTELSAT</a>
launched Early Bird, the first commercial communications satellite. Shortly
thereafter, NSA and GCHQ set up the ECHELON program to monitor traffic of
interest on INTELSAT’s satellites. </p><p class="MsoNormal">By the 1980s, the growing volume of communications
carried by INTELSAT and other commercial and national satellite operators made
it desirable to bring the other UKUSA partners into the program. In March 1987,
Australia announced plans to construct a satellite monitoring station at
Geraldton, Western Australia, and in December 1987, New Zealand announced that
it would build a similar station at Waihopai.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For Canada, entry into the satellite monitoring program was understood
as a means both of augmenting our contribution to the UKUSA partnership and of
collecting intelligence of specific interest to the Canadian government. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Documents recently released to the <a href="https://carleton.ca/csids/canadian-foreign-intelligence-history-project/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Canadian Foreign Intelligence History Project</a> (CFIHP) through the Access to Information Act confirm
the broad outlines of the Canadian plan. These documents show that the
satellite monitoring project was a key element of the renewal plan that CSE
pitched to the Interdepartmental Committee on Security and Intelligence (ICSI)
in March 1984 in its <i>Strategic Overview of the Cryptologic Program,
1985-1988.</i> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <i>Strategic Overview</i> document itself is rather
heavily redacted, but it does confirm that one of the projects CSE proposed is
related to COMSAT collection, and a handwritten annotation notes that this
project was approved. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Another document, an External Affairs memo from December 1987, is more revealing,
confirming that “ECHELON is a CSE project which was designed to collect
Intelsat communications…. Our position on ECHELON has been to support the
project as a valuable contribution to the overall Canadian and allied effort.” At
the time of that memo, the project was on hold due to legality concerns
expressed by the Department of Justice. But those concerns appear to have been
resolved not long afterwards, as 1988 documents confirm that the project was
back on track. A June 1988 document notes, for example, that “PILGRIM and
ECHELON are going forward.” (PILGRIM was the project to operate intercept sites
in Canadian diplomatic facilities.) Another document, from March 1988, lists “possible
options to address identified intelligence deficiencies," one of which is
"greater exploitation of the ECHELON program to yield more Canada-specific
information, while contributing to the allied SIGINT effort."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Canadian
Forces Station Leitrim, located just south of Ottawa, became the home of Canada's satellite monitoring effort.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Air photos that the author has examined at the National Air
Photo Library show that the first satellite monitoring dish was installed at Leitrim between late 1984 and
early 1985. A second large dish was installed in 1985-86, followed by a third in
1987 and a fourth in 1989-90. A couple of small dishes were also in place by
that time.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDNMsICupNfiIrnVHF7RIZy5sVF_rDrIA0bEgvBxIXLf3FF-OV1S61d28psURAlL6NqxnCemBXvrH1me3Ss0j-lqDCeAI9D7jBigAzMsME8Pykr0oNM6V41_pHYem5P3CqzQ0wVpEu_f8MIQ8ZEiC0mbNONUznv6H-v0g3lPaJux_vDWmJ0FK/s570/leitrim.1988.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="570" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDNMsICupNfiIrnVHF7RIZy5sVF_rDrIA0bEgvBxIXLf3FF-OV1S61d28psURAlL6NqxnCemBXvrH1me3Ss0j-lqDCeAI9D7jBigAzMsME8Pykr0oNM6V41_pHYem5P3CqzQ0wVpEu_f8MIQ8ZEiC0mbNONUznv6H-v0g3lPaJux_vDWmJ0FK/s320/leitrim.1988.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This 1988 photo, taken from Leitrim Road, shows the three main dishes then at
Leitrim (two of them covered by radomes). A small dish can also be seen between
the left-hand radome and the large uncovered dish.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Another site was proposed</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <i>Strategic Overview</i> document reveals, however,
that Leitrim was not originally intended to be Canada’s primary satellite monitoring site.
The fact that one or more new facilities were envisaged was redacted from the version
released to the CFIHP, but a less redacted portion of the document tells the tale:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">The risks associated with this
initiative relate to the [redacted.] If this does not happen, a COMSAT training
and R&D facility to be developed as part of the project at Leitrim will be
upgraded to that of a primary facility. The satellite communications which can
be collected from this site represent similarly [redacted.]</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdx9NwkHQzeZzk-H7wRXnFnI-l3AAVpKnDti-6Ia_0aZoMAf5H3TeulpKDxosQ9NZ1xXsiblsJCs33UKa9Qp1pz12V6C0Lc1nGHlKlIkOYnhdsJnY1WPfmhxkDu5rjDV6qkqxY9KsQDJYl2lgGfMKOhDk-03fGtba7HOAsPVR28ZqqypbUSYf9/s1045/strategic%20overview.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="1045" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdx9NwkHQzeZzk-H7wRXnFnI-l3AAVpKnDti-6Ia_0aZoMAf5H3TeulpKDxosQ9NZ1xXsiblsJCs33UKa9Qp1pz12V6C0Lc1nGHlKlIkOYnhdsJnY1WPfmhxkDu5rjDV6qkqxY9KsQDJYl2lgGfMKOhDk-03fGtba7HOAsPVR28ZqqypbUSYf9/s320/strategic%20overview.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Another document released to CFIHP also confirms that “Should
[redacted element of the plan] fail to happen, a training site planned for
C.F.S. Leitrim will be developed into a full-fledged collection station”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Where might CSE have wanted to monitor satellite
communications originally? </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Leitrim is in a good location to monitor the INTELSAT satellites
stationed over the Atlantic Ocean, which carry communications between the Americas
and Europe/Africa. It could also monitor many of the national satellites that
serve parts of the Americas, such as Mexico’s Morelos satellites and Brazil’s
Brazilsats, both of which systems were established in the 1980s. But it is too
far east to monitor the INTELSAT satellites over the mid-Pacific. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thus, CSE may have wanted to build a separate West Coast
site from which to collect satellite traffic between Asia and North/South
America. Or it may have sought a single site from which satellites over both
the Atlantic and the Pacific — and everywhere in between — could be monitored. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alberta bound? </span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Such
a site would have been possible in southern Alberta, although the furthest east
of the satellites over the Atlantic and the furthest west of the satellites
over the Pacific would not be visible. (The arc of coverage would range from
about 175-180 degrees east to 40-55 degrees west.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Was such a site under consideration? Another document
released to the CFIHP suggests it may have been. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The document is a list of intelligence-related files held by
the Privy Council Office. Among other topics, the list contains several pages
of CSE-related files, including two sets of files, both established in 1986, called
“Collection Sites — Alberta”. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is very unlikely that these files refer to radio
collection sites. Canada hasn’t had a radio collection site in Alberta since
the Canadian Army’s Grande Prairie site was closed in 1947, and I can’t imagine
any reason why CSE would have considered opening a new radio collection site in
the province in the 1980s. One of the main goals of CSE’s modernization project
was to move the agency away from its overreliance on radio collection: the same
year these files were opened the major radio collection site at Inuvik was closed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Consideration of possible locations for a satellite
monitoring site thus seems like a much more likely explanation for these files. In
September I submitted an access to information request asking for the records
in the files to be released. Now we wait to see what PCO and CSE will agree to
release.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">But why wait?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the meantime, it’s fun to speculate as to where an
Alberta satellite collection site might have been built had the plan gone
ahead.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My wild ass guess is that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Suffield" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Canadian Forces Base Suffield</a>,
the largest army training area in Canada, was CSE’s main candidate. Located
about 50 km northwest of Medicine Hat, the 2,700-sq-km base also hosts DRDC
Suffield (formerly called Defence Research Establishment Suffield). </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Building the site at Suffield would have made the CSE station quite similar to NSA’s
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakima_Training_Center" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Yakima Research Station</a>, one of the first ECHELON sites, which was located at
the U.S. Army’s 1,300-sq-km Yakima Training Center in Washington state from 1974
until roughly 2013, when its functions were transferred to Buckley Air Force
Base (now Buckley Space Force Base). </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">CSE may have hoped that if it built the site on a base like
Suffield, its true purpose would go unnoticed. Like Yakima, Suffield would have
provided a location big enough to keep the dishes largely away from prying eyes
on land already owned by the Department of National Defence and with support services
already available. Construction of the dishes could have been explained as
communications research work associated with Defence Research Establishment
Suffield, while the existing civilian and military workforce at the base would
have enabled the mostly military intercept staff to hide in plain sight, at
least potentially drawing much less attention than a newly constructed
free-standing site would have. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The base was also well served by high-capacity telecommunications,
being directly on the route of the Trans-Canada Microwave System. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So Suffield seems like a natural candidate.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As I said, however, this is all wild ass speculation. It may well be that
Suffield was never under consideration. It could even be that the “Collection
Sites — Alberta” files are unrelated to CSE’s satellite monitoring proposals.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As far as we know, no collection site of any kind has been built
in Alberta since the 1940s. There is some reason to believe that in 1992 CSE investigated
the possibility of building a separate satellite monitoring station in Ontario, at the former
National Research Council radio observatory site at Lake Traverse, Algonquin
Park. But nothing came of that either.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the end, Leitrim became CSE’s primary satellite
monitoring site, and it remains the primary site today. Documents confirm that INTELSAT monitoring associated with the
ECHELON program went ahead, but it seems that it did so without the construction of a separate
satellite monitoring site in Alberta or anywhere else.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Will PCO and CSE release any additional information that sheds light on what CSE proposed, what did and didn’t occur, and why these decisions were made some 35-40 years ago? That remains to be seen.</p><p> </p><p></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-10409332064624964682023-11-10T15:09:00.000-05:002023-11-10T15:09:14.837-05:00CSE budget authority tops $1 billion<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIi4wkCsQjwvRnfzBPFdIHCZCMMYeaVL3JoFtIJeFt1_-WWC83M3J3NEYN2fk-6IgahB3Rrv-kLJu_gwpwGkKKo1jy-OwQJka2PYo8SOu29fKBdyeGo7BgV0Y4w9Bl1gS9lFMBnw5bdIU0mAf7cD8nrEUTC7FK5ldjzI5wZQrfJfiyMOA8UHHo/s1024/budget.png" style="margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIi4wkCsQjwvRnfzBPFdIHCZCMMYeaVL3JoFtIJeFt1_-WWC83M3J3NEYN2fk-6IgahB3Rrv-kLJu_gwpwGkKKo1jy-OwQJka2PYo8SOu29fKBdyeGo7BgV0Y4w9Bl1gS9lFMBnw5bdIU0mAf7cD8nrEUTC7FK5ldjzI5wZQrfJfiyMOA8UHHo/s320/budget.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Planned additions to CSE's fiscal year 2023-24 budget authority that were announced in the <a href="https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/tbs-sct/documents/planned-government-spending/supplementary-estimates/supplementary-estimates-b-2023-24.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Supplementary Estimates (B)</a>, tabled in parliament on November 9th, will push the amount of money the agency is authorized to spend this year above the $1 billion mark for the first time in the agency's history.</p><p>The changes proposed would result in a $15,196,568 net increase in CSE's 2023-24 budget authority, boosting the total figure from $984,855,602 to $1,000,052,170. </p><p>Notable increases include a $10,771,964 top-up for the ongoing operations of the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security; $1,592,171 for the Interim Quantum Safe Capability project; $1,500,000 for advertising programs; and $1,176,929 to "enhance national security through an academic research initiative" (part of a project originally announced in Budget 2022).</p><p>The full list of changes, including an increase in funding for statutory programs and various transfers between departments, can be found in the estimates document. </p><p>Normally, there is a small shortfall between the amount of money CSE is authorized to spend in a fiscal year and the final amount actually spent during that year, so it is possible that the agency's spending ultimately will fall somewhat short of the $1 billion milestone this year. However, there will also be another opportunity for CSE to receive a boost in spending authority before the end of the fiscal year (the Supplementary Estimates (C), expected in February 2024), so the final figure is very much up in the air.</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Cyber operations spending revealed</span></p><p>Meanwhile, there has been a change in the way CSE's past spending is reported in the online <a href="https://www.tbs-sct.canada.ca/ems-sgd/edb-bdd/index-eng.html#start" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">GC InfoBase</a>. </p><p>In previous years, CSE's spending was broken down into two major programs: Foreign Signals Intelligence and Cyber Security. But the spending for the most recent year for which numbers are available (FY 2022-23) is broken into four programs (click image for a better view): $336,912,405.10 for Foreign Signals Intelligence, $9,145,757.10 for Foreign Cyber Operations, $280,703,287.42 for Operations Enablement, and $304,486,444.45 for Cyber Security.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi06XKWjCW8-syw85aSBv3S6ZtI56m8ftQJm7hyphenhyphenY4Y8lE6J23yV4ucFhzz3SogqpkkJAAQWZzZ7OrOOEpKH6-pkikxMkcPBpXTTKRdmJ2qOHhqn_i6xycql8JQmK3o3r994O_RDwGKWjn99KXoUtDx2INEo8leZ57IUEx5wRGTVDVse6iMAwDZV/s1415/infobase.2022-23.cse%20programs.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="1415" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi06XKWjCW8-syw85aSBv3S6ZtI56m8ftQJm7hyphenhyphenY4Y8lE6J23yV4ucFhzz3SogqpkkJAAQWZzZ7OrOOEpKH6-pkikxMkcPBpXTTKRdmJ2qOHhqn_i6xycql8JQmK3o3r994O_RDwGKWjn99KXoUtDx2INEo8leZ57IUEx5wRGTVDVse6iMAwDZV/s320/infobase.2022-23.cse%20programs.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>No explanation of these categories is provided, so we are on our own to interpret what they mean. I think what's going on is this: The Cyber Security program covers the spending of the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (the Cyber Centre), as it did in the past. The other three programs cover the spending that used to be reported simply as the Foreign Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) program.</p><p>The change was probably made to enable spending on CSE's Foreign Cyber Operations, which comprise the Active Cyber Operations (ACO) and Defensive Cyber Operations (DCO) that were added to CSE's mandate in 2019, to be reported as a separate program. The tricky part is that these activities mostly use the same IT systems and knowledge base and even a lot of the same personnel as CSE's SIGINT activities. They also both benefit from the same administrative and security services, maintenance activities, and office accommodations provided by the agency. It looks to me like these common services are now reported as the Operations Enablement program. It's possible that certain common services also used by the Cyber Centre are listed in that program as well, just to make things more confusing, but I'm guessing that probably isn't the case.</p><p>The remaining two programs probably list just the resources dedicated specifically to SIGINT and to cyber operations, possibly just the direct personnel costs for the staff assigned to the SIGINT production chain on the one hand and those assigned to ACO/DCO activities on the other, as measured in full-time equivalents (FTEs). </p><p>Whatever their exact composition, the two spending numbers associated with these programs, $336.9 million and $9.1 million, respectively, would appear to indicate that as of 2022-23 the Foreign Cyber Operations program was only about 1/37th the size of the SIGINT program. In FTE terms, that might translate to something like 60 people in cyber operations. (If more than just direct personnel costs are counted for these programs, the number of people involved would be lower, possibly as low as 30 for cyber operations.)</p><p>I would offer kudos to CSE for its willingness to see this information published, but frankly I'm going to wait until next year when we see whether this exercise in transparency continues.</p><p><br /></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-36320964961801733872023-10-13T17:35:00.000-04:002023-10-13T17:35:18.324-04:00The Seven Ages of Canadian SIGINT<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3_8GVmX-MOzMa1cQX-I3cDkWWwx9zxiettVS0f59cqgKMT-lEFVOUsTLb-2PneIzNQ0ccKy22QpvVKPUbbjoPTSSstLccrnQp6Zmyw2ZypxFllfLB1HtLgH1LoOxaUpl17kxS_nTwT8Eda0wOXbmR0K9iiOKGgqPKL9p7H7szSXxixGAKEGlx/s1024/seven%20ages.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3_8GVmX-MOzMa1cQX-I3cDkWWwx9zxiettVS0f59cqgKMT-lEFVOUsTLb-2PneIzNQ0ccKy22QpvVKPUbbjoPTSSstLccrnQp6Zmyw2ZypxFllfLB1HtLgH1LoOxaUpl17kxS_nTwT8Eda0wOXbmR0K9iiOKGgqPKL9p7H7szSXxixGAKEGlx/s320/seven%20ages.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>In July 2023, I presented a paper titled "The Seven Ages of Canadian SIGINT" to the 2023 annual conference of the <a href="https://www.intelligencehistory.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">North American Society for Intelligence History</a>. I've done some minor updates and revisions to the paper since then (and it remains a work in progress), but I'm happy to share it here with others who may be interested.<br /></p><p>I've reproduced the paper's introduction (minus a couple of endnotes) below. The full paper can be downloaded as a PDF <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cUx7Z9lsUUH-V6xn-CQUpEpdBHSyO5w_/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.</p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The Seven Ages of Canadian SIGINT</b></span></p><p>Canada's signals intelligence (SIGINT) program has long served as the country's primary contribution to and justification for membership in the Five Eyes intelligence community. Deep integration with the SIGINT organizations of the United Kingdom and the United States in particular runs as a common thread throughout the history of the program, but Canada's national SIGINT effort has evolved in response to changing national priorities, availability of resources, legal authorities, and technological developments, as well as partnership considerations. This paper outlines the development of Canada's national SIGINT agency, the Communications Security Establishment (known as CBNRC, the Communications Branch of the National Research Council, from 1946 to 1975), and its predecessors, describing seven stages of its evolution from 1941 to the present. These comprise: the Second World War origins of Canadian national SIGINT; CBNRC's post-war creation and search for a role; the agency's mid-Cold War focus on Arctic SIGINT; the effort to revitalize CSE during the 1980s; the post-Cold War interregnum; the rise of the Internet and the Global War on Terror era; and CSE's 2019 transformation into a cyber operations agency.</p><p>A single paper can provide only an overview – little more than a sketch map – of the many significant changes that Canadian SIGINT has undergone over this more than 80-year period. Such a map is also limited by the large regions of that history that remain classified by the Canadian government and thus inaccessible to public researchers. In this respect, we don’t necessarily even know what may be missing. </p><p>On the other hand, some regions are already reasonably well mapped. Much of the documentation on the Second World War origins of the Canadian SIGINT program has been declassified, along with some on its early Cold War evolution, and scholarship has built an increasingly detailed picture of developments during those periods, although it is fair to say that significant gaps remain.</p><p>Attempts to examine later periods are much scarcer, but useful documentation relating to those periods is beginning to be released. The efforts of Alan Barnes and the Canadian Foreign Intelligence History Project (CFIHP) are especially notable in this regard. Many of the documents cited in this paper were obtained through the CFIHP.</p><p>Open sources are sometimes also of help. Because its capabilities are constrained by factors like radio propagation characteristics, computational power, and numbers of personnel, SIGINT is much more susceptible to open-source investigation than human intelligence. When an intercept station was built, where it is located, and what kind of antennas it has can reveal a lot about SIGINT targets and capabilities. </p><p>Canada’s long integration with the SIGINT programs of its major allies the United States and the United Kingdom is also helpful, as information revealed about those programs may tell us a lot about Canada’s program too. Leaked information, although usually incomplete and sometimes inaccurate or misleading, can also fill crucial gaps in the map, at least tentatively.</p><p>Drawing on all these sources, it is possible to sketch a rough map of the entire Canadian SIGINT program, albeit with notable blank spots. A map so constructed is more descriptive than explanatory. With only limited access to the documentary record, it is harder to determine why decisions were made than to detect their effects in the physical world. But, for all its limitations, such a map should prove useful to readers seeking to better understand the nature and role of the Canadian SIGINT program and the major trends and developments during its history, and it could help them to orient their own research, place information in context, and better define areas that may be of further interest. That’s the purpose I hope this paper will serve. In my own research I often find myself immersed in minor details of Canada’s SIGINT history. Much more rarely do I pull back and try to examine the bigger picture those details portray. In that respect, writing this paper has been useful for me at least.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Download the full paper <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cUx7Z9lsUUH-V6xn-CQUpEpdBHSyO5w_/view?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.</p><p><br /></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-43230834319094100872023-10-10T14:26:00.000-04:002023-10-10T14:26:17.645-04:00Call for papers: Canadian intelligence history<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxhZoinMwYKSB_aF13YidgEB5WkBuwSn9PI45613PXsIF0ji4KXLyksp1gFUOOfqGHtM0Os01BEtw1cCsPTuTo7pL3ORV5-L_aLOZZ5oMADoNRHiaCJZe3z3M1mQwE7md4YEww96qGAlCbvAmXFybX-VPe6R4lAoBpI57CjhsED1gM1JSXK2J9/s1024/crossroads.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxhZoinMwYKSB_aF13YidgEB5WkBuwSn9PI45613PXsIF0ji4KXLyksp1gFUOOfqGHtM0Os01BEtw1cCsPTuTo7pL3ORV5-L_aLOZZ5oMADoNRHiaCJZe3z3M1mQwE7md4YEww96qGAlCbvAmXFybX-VPe6R4lAoBpI57CjhsED1gM1JSXK2J9/s320/crossroads.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>"Canadian Intelligence History at the Crossroads," a conference on the history of Canadian intelligence activities and organizations, will be held at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa on 3-5 October 2024. </p><p>The following is the call for papers issued by the conference organizing committee:</p><p> </p><p>In partnership with the Greg Centre for War and Society, the North American Society for Intelligence History (NASIH), and the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies, we are proud to announce a conference on Canadian intelligence history in the fall of 2024. The conference is timed to reflect on a landmark change in Canadian intelligence practice. The year 2024 will mark the 40th anniversary of the birth of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS).</p><p>We are soliciting individual paper, panel, and roundtable proposals on any relevant aspect of Canadian intelligence history, including the broader societal context, relationships with allied partners, and comparative studies.</p><p>Each paper proposal should include both a 250-word abstract and a one-page CV that highlights relevant knowledge. A panel proposal should include: a panel outline (that includes the chair, commentator, and three paper titles); three abstract proposals of 250 words each; and a one-page CV from all participants. All documents should be included in one e-mail. A roundtable proposal should include four to six speakers. Each speaker should provide a title and a 100-word abstract. A one-page CV for each participant must also be included. All of this must be contained in one e-mail. Please e-mail all proposals to Dr. Steve Hewitt at <a href="mailto: s.r.hewitt@bham.ac.uk">s.r.hewitt@bham.ac.uk</a>. Proposals will be considered starting in January 2024. <br /></p><p>The conference will also include sessions devoted to intelligence history scholarship by undergraduate and graduate students. Interested students are encouraged to submit individual paper proposals to include a 500-word abstract and a one-page letter of reference from a member of their department. Proposals for student papers should be e-mailed to Dr. Timothy Sayle at <a href="mailto: tim.sayle@utoronto.ca">tim.sayle@utoronto.ca</a> by June 30, 2024. Student participants will be notified by early September 2024 if their papers have been selected.</p><p><br /></p><p></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-87622155202473251232023-05-27T11:07:00.001-04:002023-05-27T11:07:53.429-04:00Even independent special rapporteurs do itFrom Independent Special Rapporteur David Johnston's <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/democratic-institutions/services/reports/first-report-david-johnston-independent-special-rapporteur-foreign-interference.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i>First Report</i></a>:
<blockquote>We continued to receive documents, both as suggested by the Canadian Security and [sic] Intelligence Service (CSIS), the <font color="90EE90">Canadian Security Establishment</font> (CSE), or the Privy Council’s Office (PCO), and also as a result of our follow-up requests.</blockquote>
See also <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2016/09/everyone-does-it-media-edition.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Everyone does it, media edition</a>, <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.ca/2015/09/even-nsa-does-it.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Even NSA does it, Part I</a> and <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.ca/2015/11/even-nsa-does-it-part-2.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Part II</a>, <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.ca/2016/02/even-gchq-does-it.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Even GCHQ does it</a>, and <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2020/11/even-official-historians-do-it.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Even official historians do it</a>.<br />
<br />Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-74914196906906869242023-03-17T15:53:00.003-04:002023-08-23T23:00:36.809-04:00BCCLA posts CSE documents<p>Yesterday, the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association (BCCLA) posted an important collection of 284 documents relating to the
operations of the Communications Security Establishment. The documents provide a
unique window into the ways the statutory provisions governing CSE were interpreted
and operationalized by the agency in the period between 2001, when CSE's first
statutory mandate was added to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National
Defence Act</i>, and the 2019 entry into force of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CSE Act</i>. They also provide rare insight into the way CSE's signals intelligence (SIGINT) and
information technology security (ITSEC) programs actually work.</p><p></p><p>In 2013, in the wake of the Snowden revelations, the BCCLA took the government to court, alleging that CSE’s bulk collection of metadata and incidental collection of private communications violated Canadians’ <i>Charter</i> rights to privacy. The case, which went on for several years, took place behind closed doors, and is likely ultimately to have played an important role in the government's decision to enact a number of reforms to CSE's powers and the oversight and review mechanisms for the agency in the <i>CSE Act</i> and other parts of Bill C-59, passed in 2019. (You can read more about the litigation <a href="https://bccla.org/2022/12/pulling-back-the-curtain-on-canadas-mass-surveillance-programs-part-one-a-decade-of-secret-spy-hearings/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.)<br /></p><p>During the course of the litigation, the BCCLA was provided with a large body of documents concerning CSE's operations. Although heavily redacted in many parts, these documents contained a lot of never previously revealed information about the agency's activities, with particular
emphasis on the rules and procedures governing the collection and handling of
communications and other information concerning persons located in Canada and
Canadians located anywhere by CSE's signals intelligence (SIGINT) and
information technology security (ITSEC) programs.</p><p>Unfortunately, they were provided under a confidentiality undertaking that prevented the BCCLA from making them public. However, in 2017 I made an access to information request for the documents, and eventually, following an appeal to the Information Commissioner, they were provided to me with no additional redactions. The government then released the BCCLA from its undertaking.</p><p>Now the BCCLA has made the collection, comprising over 4,900 pages of documents, available for download on its website. You can find the links at the end of <a href="https://bccla.org/2023/03/pulling-back-the-curtain-on-canadas-mass-surveillance-programs-part-two-the-cse-secret-spying-archive/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Greg McMullen's guide to their contents</a>.<br /></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">I've also put together some introductory notes here.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">The following key operational policy documents are included
in the collection: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">OPS-1, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Protecting the
Privacy of Canadians and Ensuring Legal Compliance in the Conduct of CSEC
Activities</i> (AGC 0022)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">OPS-1-1, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Operational Procedures
for the Release of Suppressed Information from SIGINT Reports</i> (AGC 0020)
(28 September 2012 version) and OPS-1-1, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Policy
on Release of Suppressed Information</i> (AGC 0253) (14 November 2014 version)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">OPS-1-6, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Operational
Procedures for Naming and Releasing identities in Cyber Defence Reports</i> (AGC
0011)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">OPS-1-7, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Operational
Procedures for Naming in SIGINT Reports</i> (AGC 0019)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">OPS-1-8, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Operational
Procedures for Policy Compliance Monitoring to Ensure Legal Compliance and the
Protection of the Privacy of Canadians</i> (AGC 0024)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">OPS-1-10, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Operational
Procedures for Metadata Analysis [redacted]</i> (AGC 0012)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">OPS-1-11, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Retention
Schedules for SIGINT Data</i> (AGC 0007)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">OPS-1-13, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Operational
Procedures Related to Canadian [redacted] Collection Activities</i> (AGC 0023)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">OPS-1-15, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Operational
Procedures for Cyber Defence Activities Using System Owner Data</i> (AGC 0018)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">OPS-1-16, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Policy on
Metadata Analysis for Foreign Intelligence Purposes</i> (AGC 0279)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">OPS-3-1, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Operational
Procedures for [redacted; probably "Computer Network Exploitation"] Activities</i> (AGC 0026)<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">OPS-6, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Policy on Mistreatment
Risk Management</i> (AGC 0266). </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">These twelve operational policy documents provide the most detailed
window into the policies that govern CSE's operations ever made available to
the public. It is important to note that all were superseded in 2018 when CSE introduced an entirely
rewritten Mission Policy Suite in preparation for the passage of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CSE Act.</i> However, it is likely that most
of the details of those policies remain unchanged, so the documents also
provide the best currently available insight into the likely parameters of present
operational policies at the agency.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The collection also contains numerous other documents,
training materials, and briefing decks that provide further insight into CSE
policies and activities. These include:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">- The Ministerial Directive issued by the Minister of
National Defence on CSE use of metadata (both the 9 March 2005 version (AGC 0004)
and the 21 November 2011 version (AGC 0017)).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">- The Ministerial Directive on the Integrated SIGINT
Operational Model (AGC 0076), which governs CSE's relationship with Canadian
military SIGINT activities.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">- Examples of the annual Ministerial Authorizations issued
under the pre-2019 system to authorize CSE collection activities risking the
inadvertent collection of Canadian private communications. Examples of the
background memos provided to the Minister of National Defence to explain
proposed Ministerial Authorizations are also in the collection.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">- CSE's classified Annual Reports to the Minister of
National Defence for fiscal years 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13, and 2013-14.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">- Copies of many of the memoranda of understanding between
CSE and client departments on the provision of SIGINT services.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">- Subsidiary policy and procedure documents on a wide range
of subjects, such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Producing Gists for
Indications and Warning Purposes</i> (AGC 0134), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Targeting Identifiers for [Foreign Intelligence] under Mandate A</i> (AGC
0135), and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Foreign Assessments and
Protected Entities</i> (AGC 0136).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">- Two training manuals for CSE employees: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SIGINT 101 Orientation Program </i>(AGC 0182),
an introduction to CSE's SIGINT program, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">DGI [Director General Intelligence] Familiarization Manual </i>(AGC 0193),
an introduction to work as a SIGINT analyst at CSE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">- Numerous classified reports from CSE's pre-2019 watchdog body, the
Office of the Communications Security Establishment Commissioner (OCSEC), and CSE's
responses to those reports. These include OCSEC's 2015 review of CSE's metadata
activities (AGC 0278), which examines a series of failures by CSE to protect
information about Canadians in metadata shared with foreign partners. This
report is the best source of information available on those events, which led
to the only declaration that CSE had failed to comply with the law that OCSEC
ever issued.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In addition to broader policy questions, the documents are an
unparalleled source of background information about aspects of CSE's
activities. For example, one OCSEC review (AGC 0110) describes the nature of
the Client Relations Officer (CRO) system that CSE uses to deliver SIGINT products
to many of its government clients. Another (AGC 0179) contains the first data
ever released to the public on the percentage of requests made by SIGINT
clients for Canadian Identity Information that were approved by CSE (1113 of 1119,
or more than 99%). In 2021, the National Security and Intelligence Review
Agency (NSIRA), which replaced OCSEC in 2019, was able to release additional
data on CSE's approval rate for requests, possibly in part because the BCCLA
release had already established that such data could be declassified.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In other cases the documents provide insight into aspects of
CSE's activities that the agency is still redacting from NSIRA reports. For
example, pages 19-21 of <a href="https://nsira-ossnr.gc.ca/review-of-the-communications-security-establishments-self-identified-privacy-incidents-and-procedural-errors" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">this NSIRA report</a> released in 2021 discussed a flawed policy related to privacy protection that was later
rescinded by CSE, but NSIRA was evidently unable to include any information about
the nature of the policy in its report. The key details of the policy in
question can be found on pages 30-31 of OPS-1-7, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Operational Procedures for Naming in SIGINT Reports</i> (AGC 0019).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In other cases, one can observe the evolution of CSE
policies over time. For example, in document AGC 0182 (p. 99) it is explained
that "we [CSE] do not have to protect the privacy of non-Canadians in
Canada. This means that in reports we can name people who are in Canada and who
fall into certain categories like holding work or student visas, or who are
illegal immigrants." But document AGC 0206 (p. 122) reports that this
policy was changed in April 2014, with CSE's privacy policies now covering all
persons in Canada. (Given the timing of this change, it's likely that it was
made in response to the BCCLA's legal action.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The documents are also a gold mine of information on the
official definitions of key terms used by CSE, encompassing concepts such as
Canadian Privacy-Related Information, Metadata, and Contact Chaining. The BCCLA has put together a guide to many of those terms <a href="https://bccla.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Glossary-of-CSE-Terms.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> (but note that their glossary is "a work in progress and not intended as a formal dictionary").<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some of the documents in the BCCLA collection have
previously been released to individual requesters through the Access to
Information Act. But in many cases the versions released were significantly
more heavily redacted than the versions provided to the BCCLA. (The parts of
the documents pertaining to CSE's mandate to provide support to federal law
enforcement and security agencies are an exception, however, as those parts
were redacted in their entirety from the BCCLA documents as "not
relevant" to their case.) In addition, in many cases documents released to
individual requesters are never published or otherwise made accessible to other
researchers or the general public. </p><p class="MsoNormal">The BCCLA collection is unique in providing
systematic access to these documents for online research and downloading.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Enjoy!<br /></p>
<p><b>Update 23 August 2023:</b> You can download individual documents (as opposed to the batches available from the BCCLA) at <a href="https://github.com/Bedrovelsen/The_CSE_Secret_Spying_Archive/tree/master" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">this GitHub site</a>.</p><p></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-56351458691758906832022-12-08T15:23:00.001-05:002022-12-08T15:29:19.607-05:00NSICOP report on Global Affairs Canada<p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">On November 4th, the National Security and Intelligence Committee of
Parliamentarians (NSICOP) released the public version of its <a href="https://www.nsicop-cpsnr.ca/reports/rp-2022-11-04/intro-en.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">report on the security and intelligence activities of Global Affairs Canada</a> (GAC),
otherwise known as the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">There's a lot of new information in the report about GAC's role in the
Canadian intelligence community as overseer, facilitator, collector, assessor,
and consumer of intelligence. It's well worth reading.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">In the following, I'll focus on what the report says about how Global
Affairs works with the Communications Security Establishment.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span><b>GAC–CSE relationship</b></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">On page 24 (PDF page 33), NSICOP describes the
overall relationship between CSE and Global Affairs: </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">GAC's
collaboration with CSE ... dates back to the creation of CSE in 1946. GAC has
long been a client of CSE's foreign intelligence collection ***. While GAC has
had a formal consultation role for some of CSE's most sensitive activities
since 2002, the coming into force of the CSE Act in 2019 provided GAC a more
significant role in CSE's new authorities for cyber operations.</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">(NSICOP uses "***" to indicate where information
that was in the classified version of the report has been redacted.)</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">GAC
and CSE formalized their cooperation with the signing of a General Framework
Agreement in 2009. The agreement recognized the organizations' cooperation in
the collection of foreign intelligence, their long-standing collaboration on
the implementation of Canada's Export Control legislation, and their response
and handling of cyber incidents targeting GAC. (p 24/PDF 33)</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Take note of that mention of "the organizations' cooperation in the
collection of foreign intelligence"; we'll return to that point later on.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span><b>Computer Network Exploitation</b></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Next we get a quick look at GAC's oversight of CSE computer hacking
operations used to collect intelligence from information technology systems and
networks, more formally known as Computer Network Exploitation (CNE).</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">All mentions of CNE are redacted from NSICOP's report, but it is clear from
the context that CNE is the subject. (For more fun with CNE redactions, see <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2015/09/filling-in-blanks-analysis-of-cse-cne.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.) </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The first formal agreement
on consultation between CSE and GAC concerned the agency's *** activities.
These activities use *** for the purpose of collecting foreign intelligence. In
2002, GAC and CSE signed a memorandum of understanding under which CSE would
inform GAC prior to undertaking its most *** outside of Canada. (p 24/PDF 33)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The CNE memorandum of understanding was signed by the Minister of National
Defence on 23 April 2002.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The agreement also granted
GAC a role in challenging CSE's conduct of certain activities ***. While the
2002 memorandum of understanding remains in place, the two organizations
streamlined elements of the agreement in 2015. (p 24-25/PDF 33-34)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">GAC's role is to make sure the potential risks/rewards of CNE operations are
assessed in the context of Canada's overall foreign policy.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span><b>Foreign relationships</b></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">CSE is also required to consult GAC before entering
into any arrangements with foreign states or institutions. Since the 2019 entry
into force of the <i>CSE Act</i>, it has been a statutory requirement that the
Minister of National Defence consult the Minister of Foreign Affairs before
approving such arrangements. </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Given
the recent nature of this authority, CSE has not consulted GAC prior to
entering into such an arrangement at the time of writing. (p 25/PDF 34)</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Defensive cyber operations (DCO)<br /></span></b></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The <i>CSE Act</i> also requires the Minister of National Defence to consult the
Minister of Foreign Affairs prior to issuing an authorization for defensive
cyber operations (DCO). DCOs are cyber operations designed to protect Canadian
government networks or systems designated as being of importance to the
government.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The Minister of National
Defence issued the first authorization for defensive cyber operations in ***
2019. CSE officials developed this authorization in consultation with GAC. (p
26/PDF 35)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Although redacted here, the date of the authorization was 5 September 2019,
as reported by NSICOP in its <a href="https://www.nsicop-cpsnr.ca/reports/rp-2022-02-14/intro-en.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">February 2022 cybersecurity report</a> (p 77/PDF 89).</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The November report provides some additional details on GAC's contribution: <br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">At
the operational level, GAC provides foreign policy risk assessments for all of
CSE's planned defensive cyber operations. As part of its assessment of the
proposed operation, GAC considers potential implications for Canadian
interests, the operation's compliance with international law and cyber norms,
alignment with broader foreign policy interests, the nature of the target (***)
and whether the operations ***. (p 26/PDF 35)</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Also interesting is this bit of news:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Between *** and *** , CSE
planned but did not conduct any defensive cyber operations, because separate
defensive cyber measures taken by CSE obviated the need for the planned cyber
operations. (p 26/PDF 35)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">It would be even more interesting, of course, if unredacted dates were provided.
Fortunately, NSICOP's <a href="https://www.nsicop-cpsnr.ca/reports/rp-2022-02-14/intro-en.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">February 2022 report</a> (p 96/PDF 108) did provide that
information, stating that no DCOs were conducted during the first two
DCO authorization periods (i.e., from September 2019 to August 2021). </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">That report also informed us that, "in the first year, normal cyber
defence activities successfully mitigated the threat and obviated the need for
a separate operation and in the second year, planned operations had not
proceeded to the operational stage." (p 96/PDF 108)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">It would be interesting to know if any DCOs have yet been conducted.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span><b>S.16 activities</b></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Under s.16 of the <i>CSIS Act</i>, CSIS can collect foreign intelligence
"within Canada" on request of either the Defence Minister or the
Foreign Affairs Minister. This might entail monitoring the communications of an
embassy in Ottawa, for example. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">CSE often helps with technology, processing, and reporting of the intelligence that results from s.16 collection, and GAC plays a role as a requestor, assessor of foreign policy
risk, and intelligence client.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">In
2008, officials from participating organizations introduced a formalized
governance model [for the s.16 program], which included a requirement to assess
potential subjects against criteria linked to Canada's intelligence priorities
and a permanent oversight committee structure (the *** Committee) with the
responsibility to evaluate and endorse section 16 rationales before they are
submitted for approval to the relevant ministers. (p 38/PDF 46)</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">All information about the committee, including its name, is redacted from
NSICOP's report.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">By contrast, a 2015 report by OCSEC, CSE's first watchdog agency, described
the committee structure in detail, and this information was later released
mostly unredacted to reporter Colin Freeze via Access to Information request
A-2015-00082.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Some of the details may have changed since then, but if the information was
releasable at that time, why not now?</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI9nZCViNufs_nqedJv8RGaCrVuxQlAso-JQ3kWIxyf7MET904LdrivdG6LIAFJv4pGKC231-bwngduWGyzjfp9nhCS9T0ucuKxwtqe0iwdyg7fKnjJ4kR8HNRp983dCUUypRggEhYbWZO6N_P3g_8ztJWk7-vBzAgPWus8jSjkDbxog8tOg/s1722/a-2015-00082.p13.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1648" data-original-width="1722" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI9nZCViNufs_nqedJv8RGaCrVuxQlAso-JQ3kWIxyf7MET904LdrivdG6LIAFJv4pGKC231-bwngduWGyzjfp9nhCS9T0ucuKxwtqe0iwdyg7fKnjJ4kR8HNRp983dCUUypRggEhYbWZO6N_P3g_8ztJWk7-vBzAgPWus8jSjkDbxog8tOg/w406-h388/a-2015-00082.p13.jpg" width="406" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Active cyber operations (ACO)</span></b></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The <i>CSE Act</i> also "allows CSE
to conduct active cyber operations to degrade, disrupt, influence or interfere
with the capabilities or intentions of foreign entities." (p 41/PDF 49)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">In recognition of the
foreign policy implications of these activities, the Act stipulates that the
Minister of National Defence may issue this authorization only if the Minister
of Foreign Affairs has requested or consented to its issue. (p 41/PDF 49)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Note that this differs from DCOs, which require only <i>consultation </i>with the Foreign Affairs Minister.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">"The Minister of National Defence issued CSE's first authorization for
active cyber operations in 2019" (p 41/PDF 49), i.e., shortly after the <i>CSE Act</i> came into force.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The <a href="https://nsira-ossnr.gc.ca/first-annual-report" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i>2019 Annual Report</i></a> (p. 25) of the
National Security and Intelligence Review Agency (NSIRA) also confirmed that an
ACO authorization was issued that year.<br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">But NSICOP's report goes on to provide considerably more information than was
released previously: </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Between 2019 and 2020, CSE
planned four active cyber operations and carried out one. (p 41/PDF 49)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The ACO that was carried out sought to "disrupt the activities of
terrorists and violent extremists." (p 41/PDF 49)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The three ACOs not conducted sought "to disrupt foreign cyber threats
to the 2019 federal election"; "to counter the dissemination by
specific terrorist groups of extremist material on-line"; and "to
mitigate threats posed by foreign cybercriminal groups targeting
Canadians". (p 41-42/PDF 49-50)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The election-related ACO was not conducted "because no specific
state-led operations were detected", while the other two did not get done
"due to operational restrictions arising from COVID". (p 41-42/PDF
49-50)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">(For more on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Canadian security and
intelligence community, see <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2021/11/stress-tested.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">this book</a>.)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">In August 2019, the
Minister of Foreign Affairs directed GAC officials to work with CSE to develop
a formal governance mechanism to ensure CSE's cyber operations align with
Canada's foreign policy and international legal obligations. (p 42/PDF 50)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">This led, in 2020, to the creation of "the CSE–GAC Active Cyber
Operations/Defensive Cyber Operations Working Group and a comprehensive
governance framework for consultation on cyber operations". (p 42/PDF 50)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The report also reveals that, inside CSE, "the
Cyber Operations Group and the Cyber Management Group oversee CSE's cyber
operations. These are executive bodies, at the director- and director
general-level respectively, that review and approve cyber operation plans and
risk assessments. The Director of *** and the Deputy Chief of Signals Intelligence
chair the respective committees, and membership depends on ***." (p 43/PDF
51)</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">This is the first official confirmation, I think,
that CSE's cyber operations are lodged in the agency's SIGINT branch.</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Interestingly, NSIRA also <a href="https://nsira-ossnr.gc.ca/tabling-of-the-national-security-and-intelligence-review-agencys-annual-report-2021" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">recently looked</a> at the GAC</span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">–</span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">CSE relationship with respect to the governance of ACO/DCO
activities.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Among other findings, NSIRA stated that "CSE
and GAC have not established a threshold to determine how to identify and
differentiate between a pre-emptive Defensive Cyber Operation and an Active
Cyber Operation, which can lead to the insufficient involvement of GAC if the
operation is misclassified as defensive." (p 69/PDF 77) </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">In total, NSIRA made nine recommendations for improvements
relating to "engaging other departments to ensure an operation’s alignment
with broader Government of Canada priorities; demarcating an ACO from a
pre-emptive DCO; assessing each operation’s compliance with international law;
and communicating with each other any newly acquired information that is
relevant to the risk level of an operation." (p 21/PDF 29)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The full set of findings and recommendations can be
found on pages 69-71 (PDF 77-79) of NSIRA's report.</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">PILGRIM's progress</span></b></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Getting back to NSICOP, the next two pages of the committee's report (p 44-45/PDF
52-53) discuss a program that is ostensibly so secret that all information is
redacted except for one sentence: "GAC states that it derives its
authority for the program from the Crown prerogative." (p 44/PDF 52)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">This is clearly the program </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">— </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">known at one time as PILGRIM </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">— </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">for the operation of CSE
intercept facilities inside Canadian diplomatic missions, our equivalent of U.S.
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Collection_Service" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Special Collection Service</a> sites.<br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Presumably it was this program that NSICOP was alluding to when (as I noted
at the beginning of this post) it mentioned GAC and CSE's "cooperation in
the collection of foreign intelligence". (p 24/PDF 33)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">All of the Five Eyes partners operate such intercept sites, known
collectively under the coverterm STATEROOM, but the official policy is to
pretend no one knows Canada does this sort of thing, so even the fact of its
existence remains classified. That rare allusion is as close as we get to an
official confirmation.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Still, NSICOP did manage to flag some concerns about GAC's role in the
program in its descriptions of three of the redactions (p 45/PDF 53):</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">1. "The paragraph noted that the Department does not have any policies,
procedures or documents to govern its involvement, and does not have any
reporting requirements to the Minister".</span></span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">2. "The paragraph noted challenges regarding the management of
risk."</span></span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">3. "The paragraph noted the Department's failure to inform the Minister
of important issues."</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">One of the report's four recommendations was probably aimed in part at this
program:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">R3. [NSICOP recommends that
the] Minister of Foreign Affairs put in place comprehensive governance
mechanisms for the Department's security and intelligence activities and for
those that it supports or contributes to at partner organizations. Those
mechanisms should better document processes and decision points to strengthen
accountability and institutional memory. (p 95/PDF 102)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span><b>Intelligence Access and Countermeasures section</b></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">A few pages after the intercept sites discussion — past another almost
entirely redacted part called "Logistical Support ***" that probably
discusses GAC's occasional provision of support to Five Eyes partner HUMINT
agencies like MI6 and the CIA — is a chapter on GAC's own intelligence
activities.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">There is a lot of very useful and rarely if ever reported information in
there about what Global Affairs itself does in this field, but for my purposes
I want to highlight just one aspect:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">In 2017, GAC established a
division within the Intelligence Bureau responsible for the management of
highly classified communications at missions abroad. This Intelligence Access
and Countermeasures section works closely with CSE to accredit and protect
GAC's signals intelligence secure areas. (p 51-52/PDF 59-60)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">("Signals intelligence secure area" (SSA),
by the way, is the Canadian SIGINT community's equivalent for what in the U.S. is
known as a secure compartmented information facility, or SCIF.)</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">NSICOP's description of the Intelligence Access and Countermeasures section gives
the impression that it deals only with GAC's own communications, and maybe it
does do only that. But the fact that "Intelligence Access" is included
in the section's name may indicate that it also looks after the intercept sites
at the missions, which of course also would be located in SSAs.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">A probably much less likely theory is that the unit is also mandated to conduct close-access operations, which are designed to enable SIGINT
collection by placing antennas or other collection systems in close proximity
to targeted information technology systems and/or installing hardware or software
implants directly in them.</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The foreign intelligence collection authorities
granted to CSE in the <a href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-35.3/page-1.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i>CSE Act</i></a>
are broad enough to encompass close-access activities:</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The
foreign intelligence aspect of the Establishment’s mandate is to acquire,
covertly or otherwise, information from or through the global information
infrastructure, including by engaging or interacting with foreign entities
located outside Canada or by using any other method of acquiring information,
and to use, analyse and disseminate the information for the purpose of
providing foreign intelligence, in accordance with the Government of Canada’s
intelligence priorities. (s.16)</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">And the agency could, with Global Affairs' agreement,
deputize GAC personnel to conduct such operations on its behalf.</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">However, heads far wiser than mine consider it all but inconceivable
that any Canadian government would ever muster the will to attempt such
inherently perilous operations, with their potential for embarrassing exposure and,
worse, risk to the life or liberty of the individuals participating.</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Also, we might expect there to be a lot more discussion of the topic in this report if the section's role really did extend that far. (That
said, it's not impossible that there is such a discussion buried in the redacted parts of the report concerning intercept sites.)</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">I'm probably letting my imagination run away with me when it comes to close-access ops. But I'll keep pondering
that imponderable because <a href="https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/committee/391/defe/17eva-e" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">certain comments</a> made by CSE's former Deputy Chief SIGINT way back in 2007 leave me strongly inclined to believe that CSE would very much <i>like </i>the government to conduct such operations for it.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">There is a lot of other valuable information about GAC's intelligence role
in this report, but that pretty much covers the CSE-related aspects.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span><b><i><span style="line-height: 115%;">Redactio
ad absurdum</span></i></b></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">I will make one final complaint about pointless redactions, however. On pages
75-78 (PDF 83-86) there is a case study of a kidnapping incident involving a
Canadian from which almost all personal details have been redacted. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Maybe it's intended as a privacy thing, but it only takes about a minute on
Google to fill in all those blanks.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-76892729136722490882022-08-18T15:39:00.003-04:002022-08-20T12:42:40.480-04:00Notes on CSE's 2021-22 Annual Report<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8_-R6TqjWysSfMfxWGMLviWEvBBtJhpWt8m5BckewvCeXRlPg_x4IZ2g3x-1O9AR_hHfuKxrXOPxMGRr-Ht85ZymJJbDlxTgE___HXnOUaSFQsj2luorzrKo3IzafJndknKHtWVSVrK4iwokwwI0MPeSv-xZ57VNd7wuVKhvzPNSQIU1XYg/s1024/dall-e%20image.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8_-R6TqjWysSfMfxWGMLviWEvBBtJhpWt8m5BckewvCeXRlPg_x4IZ2g3x-1O9AR_hHfuKxrXOPxMGRr-Ht85ZymJJbDlxTgE___HXnOUaSFQsj2luorzrKo3IzafJndknKHtWVSVrK4iwokwwI0MPeSv-xZ57VNd7wuVKhvzPNSQIU1XYg/s320/dall-e%20image.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />CSE's <a href="https://www.cse-cst.gc.ca/en/accountability/transparency/reports/communications-security-establishment-annual-report-2021-2022" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">2021-2022 Annual Report</a> was released on June 28th. At roughly 15,000 words, the report is significantly
longer and more informative than last year's, and about five times as long as
CSE's first annual report, released in 2020. Although large gaps remain (and to
some extent will always remain), this is starting to be a respectable — and
useful — document.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Of course, a lot of that text focuses on the cyber security side of
the agency, the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, which accounts for about
30% of CSE's resources. Relatively little discusses the signals intelligence
(SIGINT) and cyber operations side, which accounts for the rest.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is unsurprising, as spying and online covert action need a
pretty substantial level of secrecy. But they are also the areas where CSE's
activities are most likely to negatively impact the general public, and boilerplate
assurances that CSE is prohibited from directing its activities at Canadians
are not enough.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For one thing, this prohibition does not apply when CSE is
acting under its assistance mandate, providing support to CSIS, the RCMP, CBSA and other
law enforcement and security agencies, subject to their authorities. The report
has just one sentence referring to CSE's support activities (p. 12).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Also, between incidental collection of communications and
bulk collection of metadata, CSE and its Five Eyes partners can collect,
analyze, and report a great deal of information related to Canadians in the
course of pursuing their non-Canadian targets. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">In its classified reporting to the Minister of National Defence
the agency provides a wide range of data on the amount of Canadian-related
information it acquires and uses. There is no reason why much of that data could
not be declassified and reported here, where it would provide useful
reassurance of the limited extent to which CSE invades the privacy of
Canadians. That's of course unless the data wouldn't actually be reassuring, in
which case there's all the more reason why we should see it.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For more on the kinds of information that could be reported,
see <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2021/12/cse-2020-2021-annual-report.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">my comments on last year's report</a>.
Some of this information could and probably should be reported by the National
Security and Intelligence Review Agency (NSIRA) also, but in that case too it
depends on CSE approving its declassification.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRbpMwhOVx2azZuMVyYqvLKDIRJVZ7IyM0B3Pl4FWAWrhLJn-njtVmnyXoOHKSfhtUuymDfRMLXbOlFDwmDwyilaBJ-Jir4RMZT7Y0OhmCxkZYGO5wsxid0VTWMHdkqAqtJ9YcevYxtzYjCLM-YvwCN7q--oIc5EyZHIZG12AXXglW2Cowxw/s1676/aco.dco.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="1676" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRbpMwhOVx2azZuMVyYqvLKDIRJVZ7IyM0B3Pl4FWAWrhLJn-njtVmnyXoOHKSfhtUuymDfRMLXbOlFDwmDwyilaBJ-Jir4RMZT7Y0OhmCxkZYGO5wsxid0VTWMHdkqAqtJ9YcevYxtzYjCLM-YvwCN7q--oIc5EyZHIZG12AXXglW2Cowxw/w400-h188/aco.dco.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">One welcome bit of new information in the report is the
discussion of active cyber operations (ACO) and defensive cyber operations (DCO) (pp. 13-14), where we learn a little more about
the way authorizations work and the types of activities CSE is conducting. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The report confirms, for example, that a single
authorization may cover multiple cyber operations and explains that "there
are also cases where an Authorization may be anticipatory, with no operations
required in the end." </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The examples provided of the types of cyber operation that
CSE has conducted are much more revealing than anything previously acknowledged
by the agency, noting, for example, the use of "active cyber operations
capabilities to disrupt the efforts of foreign-based extremists" and
"to assist the Canadian Armed Forces in support of their mission." Note,
however, that in neither of these cases is it made clear whether the operations
mentioned were conducted under CSE's own active cyber authorities or as assistance activities.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The report also reveals that "CSE has embarked on a
long-term campaign designed to reduce the ability of cybercrime groups to
target Canadians, Canadian businesses and institutions. Working with Canadian
and allied partners, CSE has helped reduce the ability of cybercriminals to
launch ransomware attacks and to profit from the sale of stolen
information." </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Overall, then, the section on cyber operations is much more
informative than the grudging acknowledgements the agency has made in the past
on the subject and presumably reflects a deliberate decision to use the annual
report as the place to begin providing at least a sliver of the kind of transparency
CSE keeps talking about.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Other information</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9waVVGnLLtCtt9CGuAFpj3LpIUbFRR3PhpG7FRcssOkBnSpOeCPnJ5J48dLO51dr5Xt1EM8yZkGtjdJlZFlFea-4268FTb4nVBH1Gv8ho7W_yDHM3DY5CAel5ybj9-nr584r7fXuXUW3PwiZ3iZvUtrimsoaPON-Ih-IMh3CYNptF6u2IBw/s318/reports.2021-22.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9waVVGnLLtCtt9CGuAFpj3LpIUbFRR3PhpG7FRcssOkBnSpOeCPnJ5J48dLO51dr5Xt1EM8yZkGtjdJlZFlFea-4268FTb4nVBH1Gv8ho7W_yDHM3DY5CAel5ybj9-nr584r7fXuXUW3PwiZ3iZvUtrimsoaPON-Ih-IMh3CYNptF6u2IBw/s16000/reports.2021-22.jpg" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Also nice to see: the pages on SIGINT (11-12) update the
statistics on SIGINT reports, clients, and customer departments/agencies
introduced last year and add some general information about the kinds of intelligence
topics CSE pursues: "CSE intercepts and analyzes electronic communications
and other foreign signals to inform the Government of Canada about the
activities of foreign entities that seek to undermine Canada’s national
security and prosperity.... CSE SIGINT also supports government policy-making
in defence, security and international affairs." </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Among the (non-exhaustive) examples of intelligence topics given
are:</p>
<p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>activities of hostile states, including cyber threats</li><li>cybercrime</li><li>espionage directed against Canada, including economic
espionage</li><li>foreign interference and disinformation campaigns</li><li>kidnappings of Canadians abroad</li><li>terrorism and extremism, including ideologically motivated
violent extremism (IMVE), and</li><li>threats to Canadians and Canadian forces abroad</li></ul><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal">Unmentioned, however, are the sorts of things that fall into
the polite-fiction category, where we pretend no one knows we do them even
though everyone knows we do, such as intelligence collection on other countries'
negotiating positions at international conferences or data relevant to trade
policy. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In no case should any of these topics be surprising, however,
which underlines the pointlessness of treating broad intelligence priorities (as
opposed to specific targets) as a huge secret. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The report also has a short section following up on NSIRA's
concerns about CSE's sharing of Canadian Identifying Information (CII) with SIGINT
customers (see my earlier post <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2021/06/nsira-review-calls-into-question.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>).
"The [NSIRA] review made 11 recommendations to improve our processes for
dealing with these requests. Since the review began, CSE has completed 10 out
of the 11 recommendations.... The final recommendation, to conduct a Privacy
Impact Assessment (PIA) has been launched. We expect to complete the PIA in
2022."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"The review also raised concerns that some disclosures
of CII during the period of the review may have been non-compliant. After
detailed analysis of CSE’s program, and the disclosures related to 2,351
Canadian identifiers cited in NSIRA’s report, and following consultations with
government partners, CSE is satisfied that all but one of those disclosures
were compliant. The single disclosure that was not compliant with the <i>Privacy
Act </i>has been retracted and the data that was disclosed has been purged by
the receiving institution." </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Whether an NSIRA examination would draw exactly the same
conclusions may be doubted, but I suspect it would agree in the great majority of
cases. (NSIRA's original point wasn't that the requests were unjustifiable, but
that the case for their justification had not been properly provided.) Still, it's
good to see CSE using its annual report to follow up on issues arising from
review agency reports.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Resources</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">On p. 56 we learn that CSE now has around 3200 full-time
employees, which is up about 200 from the year before. The agency is now about
3 1/2 times as large as it was at the end of the Cold War! And it's still
growing.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The promises made in Budget 2022 imply that CSE could be
headed to around 4000 employees over the next several years, although some of
that possible growth might go to contractors rather than staff. </p><p class="MsoNormal">But you won't
find any forward-looking budget or staffing data here. Nor will you find current budget data, other than the 2021-22
budget authorities number: $859 million. Note, however, that this number
should really be $860 million, since it is almost certainly based on the $859,771,899
figure recorded in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2021-22
Supplementary Estimates (C).</i> Based on past performance, the actual amount that
CSE ends up spending during 2021-22 is likely to be somewhat lower than this,
but we won't know that number for some time. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Back when CSE was still part of the Department of National
Defence, we used to get a lot more budget data about CSE, with spending broken
down into salaries and personnel, operations and maintenance, and capital
spending, and also projected into future years:<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEsEp9k5nAuycLd2p7dvDDpSWVZwIBngGIpCPSz4_b14uUwTpNSZo1oigEo7aRDNCCh1qFPuYEOjKQ5BTENicMAJboVuKKqRF05WfXoBFPLvrDDH6MZ6mq-rKwdcnt1QkGop9IvLVZZuMTGQhzrSxumzzS7XCT-14PKxyXdquw7kmVnbdwsw/s1042/budget%20data.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="833" data-original-width="1042" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEsEp9k5nAuycLd2p7dvDDpSWVZwIBngGIpCPSz4_b14uUwTpNSZo1oigEo7aRDNCCh1qFPuYEOjKQ5BTENicMAJboVuKKqRF05WfXoBFPLvrDDH6MZ6mq-rKwdcnt1QkGop9IvLVZZuMTGQhzrSxumzzS7XCT-14PKxyXdquw7kmVnbdwsw/s320/budget%20data.jpg" width="320" /></a> </p><p class="MsoNormal">But all of that detail ended when CSE became a stand-alone
department in 2011, and the agency has never provided any kind of public
explanation of why it can no longer release such information.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">By contrast, CSE's colleagues at the Australian Signals Directorate
(ASD) manage to <a href="https://www.asd.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-06/ASD-Annual-Report-2020-21.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">publish reams of spending data</a> every year with no evident ill
effects.
Apparently CSE's data is uniquely sensitive in ways that must never be publicly
explained.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Conclusion </b></span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">The above griping notwithstanding, I do think this report is
a significant improvement on its predecessors. Kudos to CSE for that. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And this year they finally made it available as a PDF as
well as a web document! Yay!</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For a much more comprehensive look at the contents of the report,
check out Chris Parsons' post <a href="https://christopher-parsons.com/2022/07/12/unpacking-the-cses-2021-2022-annual-report/#more-10302" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>. </p><p class="MsoNormal">See also media coverage by <a href="https://globalnews.ca/news/8952986/canadas-spies-waging-campaign-cyber-criminals/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alex Boutilier</a> and <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cse-extremism-active-operations-1.6503397" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cat Tunney</a>.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Update 20 August 2022</b>: </p><p class="MsoNormal">The references to "Mandate C' in the original version of this post have been changed to "assistance mandate". As I was gently reminded, the Mandate C nickname dates to the pre-<i>CSE Act</i> period, i.e., before 2019. While fogies like me may still reach for it as a handy shorthand way to refer to CSE's mandate to assist federal law enforcement and security agencies (including, since 2019, the Canadian Forces and the Department of National Defence), when writing for others it's better to be comprehensible and accurate.<br /></p>
<p></p><br />Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-52792648063420544132022-07-31T11:19:00.005-04:002022-07-31T12:53:12.935-04:00Diversity in the top ranks of CSE<p>Improving diversity within CSE and other parts of the
intelligence community is an ongoing challenge, but with the appointment of the
<a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2022/07/xavier-to-be-next-chief-of-cse.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">first non-white Canadian to the position of Chief of CSE</a>
(effective August 31st), I thought I'd take a look at how things are going at the
top level of the agency's hierarchy. As the chart below shows, that group is actually
pretty diverse. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguThycvNG2Q2L6-ejGwGHFEF43lR-IM3DENVKltcArA1yXVm0OYQXAU4IZvZ8nNwypfGaTc9FFaUwa4CnFg8q74gAAMB3SqETR7wGx7D-d9rA_HIatk5Zx4_uyu-b1uSAP2GSfdoLEMUnVtofTuFJewS1xw1FiQszvEESb1-GuN4tIr_835g/s2598/diversity%202.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Chart showing top executives at CSE" border="0" data-original-height="1997" data-original-width="2598" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguThycvNG2Q2L6-ejGwGHFEF43lR-IM3DENVKltcArA1yXVm0OYQXAU4IZvZ8nNwypfGaTc9FFaUwa4CnFg8q74gAAMB3SqETR7wGx7D-d9rA_HIatk5Zx4_uyu-b1uSAP2GSfdoLEMUnVtofTuFJewS1xw1FiQszvEESb1-GuN4tIr_835g/w400-h308/diversity%202.gif" width="400" /></a></div>At the top of the chart are incoming CSE Chief Caroline
Xavier and, below her, Associate Chief Dan Rogers. The next level shows Deputy
Chiefs and equivalents: from left to right, Deputy Chief SIGINT (DC SIGINT) Alia
Tayyeb; Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (CCCS) Head Sami Khoury; Acting
Deputy Chief Enterprise Technology Services (DC ETS) Darrell Schroer; Acting
Deputy Chief Authorities, Compliance and Transparency (DC ACT) Nabih Eldebs;
Deputy Chief Strategic Policy, Planning & Partnerships (DC SPPP) Wendy
Hadwen; and Deputy Chief Corporate Services (DC CS) Gibby Armstrong. I have
also shown the Cyber Centre's Associate Head, Rajiv Gupta. Other CSE officials
at Gupta's rank (Director-General) are rarely publicly identified, so that's as
far as it is practical to look.
<p></p><p class="MsoNormal">CSE doesn't keep me updated on its executive appointments (or any other matter),
so it's possible that some of the incumbents in these positions have changed,
but this chart should be pretty close.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Of the nine officials shown in the chart, four are women,
and five (three men and two women) are non-white. Some of the
officials may also belong to other traditionally excluded or under-represented
groups, such as 2SLGBTIQ+ persons, religious minorities, or persons with
disabilities, but I have no information about that.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dwyer straits</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijCafb0H9LFUaQRVrkdsgkCbbVY64aZGkLbNxivwlJph_6tElA4q4VUItfMwrhoYszwm6j2TGiOA3s7IwNJ7SU69j3tpX66HNT9q_R488GWYjTC-ZSne0wle7KWtOiHC7VpjdK1dwpuu9EKCbPT1XgaFBOwfJa8VrEF7sh4ycQF3iRlmd2Ow/s320/Dwyer.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Photo of Peter Dwyer" border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="298" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijCafb0H9LFUaQRVrkdsgkCbbVY64aZGkLbNxivwlJph_6tElA4q4VUItfMwrhoYszwm6j2TGiOA3s7IwNJ7SU69j3tpX66HNT9q_R488GWYjTC-ZSne0wle7KWtOiHC7VpjdK1dwpuu9EKCbPT1XgaFBOwfJa8VrEF7sh4ycQF3iRlmd2Ow/w186-h200/Dwyer.jpg" width="186" /></a></div>CSE wasn't always as diverse as this. <a href="https://twitter.com/NewmanRobinson/status/1392122017789456387" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">There was a time</a>, in
fact, when the battle for diversity in the upper ranks of the agency meant
a demand to hire more (white) Canadian men instead of so many (white) British men.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As far as I can tell, CSE never had employment
policies as overtly racist as <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/oct/21/gchq-boss-says-spy-agency-is-not-diverse-enough" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">those at GCHQ</a>, which systematically barred all "coloured"
people from employment at the agency until the 1980s,
or even <a href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=UcKGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=%22william+coffee%22+budiansky&source=bl&ots=lpp9l2Mfpq&sig=ACfU3U0usk8lFT6T-QByNxK7pE1mnZgXCQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOteDU-Yj5AhUFlIkEHbMJATYQ6AF6BAgUEAM" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">those at NSA and its predecessors</a>, where, for example, until 1956
almost all African American employees were concentrated in a low-paid,
segregated unit dubbed, inevitably, "the Plantation". <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But of course a lack of evidence of egregious racism in no
way means that no racist or otherwise discriminatory practices existed at CSE. And
there is no reason to assume the agency has been any less discriminatory in its
practices than the overall public service, or indeed Canadian society in
general. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It wasn't until 1977 that CSE even established an advisory
position on equal opportunities for women. Like today, about one-third of CSE's
staff at that time were women, but they were "concentrated in lower level
- lower paying jobs" such as clerical and secretarial work and were rarely
promoted to upper management positions. As I noted <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2015/11/cse-is-run-by-women.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>, the top echelons of
the agency have come a long way in that respect since then.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Statistics on equity, diversity, and inclusion across the
entire staff of CSE are hard to come by, but they have started to be reported
in recent years. <a href="https://www.cse-cst.gc.ca/en/accountability/transparency/reports/communications-security-establishment-annual-report-2021-2022" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">CSE's most recent annual report</a>, for example, published these
statistics on employment equity representation versus workforce availability
(click image for larger version):</p>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivJIURS4i5vCizHk_IJupQQ_GskunWnfB1VTJH_zeaY92jGtjUn1som31yUhSo60I_VQSwSScL2O77haAV0_xFMqLmEN8ylzOQc6rmNp9Pk0Jvs8cQznKDxu_uZgjsigRK-wfPMQbSJ8qbmPX0qXeKZcYEsYdZYMsdG7cX6afCqnRVigGFPQ/s1170/cse.equity.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="1170" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivJIURS4i5vCizHk_IJupQQ_GskunWnfB1VTJH_zeaY92jGtjUn1som31yUhSo60I_VQSwSScL2O77haAV0_xFMqLmEN8ylzOQc6rmNp9Pk0Jvs8cQznKDxu_uZgjsigRK-wfPMQbSJ8qbmPX0qXeKZcYEsYdZYMsdG7cX6afCqnRVigGFPQ/s320/cse.equity.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>As these numbers show, CSE still has a long way left to go
with respect to persons with disabilities and those described as "visible
minorities". (The term
"visible minorities," the report notes, "is considered outdated.
We use it here in the context of the Employment Equity Act, which is currently
under review.")<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It's also worth recognizing that the "workforce
availabilities" shown in CSE's chart relate to the specific occupational categories
CSE seeks to fill and thus themselves reflect persisting societal and systemic
barriers to inclusion. As target levels they are at best relative measures of
progress. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This can be seen in the statistics pertaining to women, who
are assessed as having a workforce availability of 35.4% for CSE even though
they represent 50.4% of Canada's population and their <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/government/publicservice/wellness-inclusion-diversity-public-service/diversity-inclusion-public-service/employment-equity-annual-reports/employment-equity-public-service-canada-2020-2021.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">availability for the public service as a whole</a> is assessed to be 52.7%.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The same point could be made with respect to Indigenous
people. While CSE seems to be doing reasonably well, with Indigenous people
representing 1.93% of the agency's staff versus a workforce availability of
2.08%, the assessed availability of Indigenous people with respect to the
public service as a whole is twice as high (4.0%), suggesting there is a lot of
room for growth if obstacles to participation in occupations of interest to CSE
were reduced.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.nsicop-cpsnr.ca/reports/rp-2020-03-12-ar/intro-en.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">NSICOP's study of diversity and inclusion in the Canadian
security and intelligence community</a>,
published in 2020, provides a useful further discussion of these issues and
some additional statistical information, notably representation at the
executive level of Canadian S&I agencies in 2017-18. (I'm not sure where the cut-off
for this category is in CSE, but it likely includes everyone from the Chief
down to the Director-General and, I would guess, Director level.)
Interestingly, CSE significantly under-performed in terms of visible minority
representation within the executive category at that time.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As the NSICOP report and the CSE annual report both
acknowledge, women, Indigenous people, persons with disabilities, and visible
minorities are not the only groups relevant to questions of equity, diversity,
and inclusion.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In May 2021, a senior official from CSE's SIGINT branch,
Artur Wilczynski, was appointed Assistant Deputy Minister, Senior Advisor for
People, Equity, Diversity and Inclusion as part of "a focused effort to
bolster a welcoming and inclusive community at CSE, to identify and break down
systemic barriers to full participation, and to help empower historically
discriminated against groups within the Public Service." Prior to his
retirement earlier this summer, Wilczynski oversaw the production of CSE's
first <a href="https://cse-cst.gc.ca/en/culture-and-community/diversity-inclusion/one-cse-framework-equity-diversity-and-inclusion" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">equity, diversity, and inclusion guide</a>, which incorporates this broader
understanding of equity-deserving groups, including the 2SLGBTIQ+ community,
religious minorities, the neurodivergent, and others. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 2.0cm;"><a href="https://www.intrepidpodcast.com/podcast/2020/7/8/ep-124-composing-the-security-and-intelligence-community-pt-2-communications-security-establishment" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">This episode</a> of the <i>Intrepid</i> podcast, featuring Wilczynski
and Nabih Eldebs (then the Director General of Policy, Disclosure and Review at
CSE), is also a good source of information on the recent state of play at the agency. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 2.0cm;"> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Conclusion</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Obviously, the presence of women and non-white people in key
leadership positions at CSE does not mean that problems of systemic discrimination and
under-representation no longer exist at the agency, or even necessarily that meaningful
progress is being made. And it would certainly be a mistake to use year-to-year
changes in appointments to upper executive positions as a measure of the
agency's overall progress or lack thereof. But representation does matter. The agency
seems to be making good-faith (if undoubtedly imperfect) efforts to improve its
performance on these issues at all levels of the organization, and in that
context the fact that the top levels of CSE are visibly diverse sends an important message
of hope that all Canadians can find a home at the agency.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-91408178023298165292022-07-08T23:00:00.005-04:002022-07-08T23:21:19.670-04:00Xavier to be next Chief of CSE<p>On 8 July 2022, Prime Minister Trudeau <a href="https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2022/07/08/prime-minister-announces-changes-senior-ranks-public-service" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">appointed</a> Caroline Xavier
to be the next Chief of CSE, effective 31 August 2022. Xavier will replace
incumbent Shelly Bruce, who is retiring.
</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp8fUCNbhCU3ipL5ooHwZvcdI1K87FGNXjSdLJTQ-rGDQ74165fLYmuYBmd0a_43fPmAqojZnc4EIyTj4dzOpzmPeU_oPZjZIxarC5GtTtu2jCGHqW4qTJhRtzWZ_x1UR_w8_4TGu06y8Xvz3eBga53qgTIiufRUx7wGzuaFzQ3geek7LATQ/s700/xavier.caroline.2020.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp8fUCNbhCU3ipL5ooHwZvcdI1K87FGNXjSdLJTQ-rGDQ74165fLYmuYBmd0a_43fPmAqojZnc4EIyTj4dzOpzmPeU_oPZjZIxarC5GtTtu2jCGHqW4qTJhRtzWZ_x1UR_w8_4TGu06y8Xvz3eBga53qgTIiufRUx7wGzuaFzQ3geek7LATQ/s320/xavier.caroline.2020.jpg" width="229" /></a></div>Xavier is the third woman in a row to be appointed to
the job of Chief. (But fret not, guys, there were eight men in a row before that, so
it's way too early to consider yourselves hard done by.) She will also be the
first racialized Canadian to get the job. Xavier was born in Montreal to
parents who came to Canada from Haiti. According to the CBC, when she gave <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/chris-hall-kevin-page-isn-t-buying-the-government-s-excuse-for-withholding-a-fiscal-update-1.5610102/opening-doors-shouldering-burdens-black-and-indigenous-civil-servants-on-climbing-the-bureaucratic-ladder-1.5612569" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">this interview</a> on diversity and equity in the public service in 2020, she was "the only Black person serving as an associate deputy minister in the federal government." <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Working at CSE will be something of a homecoming for Xavier,
who served as Director, IM/IT Infrastructure and Operational Services in the
Chief Information Officer Branch of the agency from 2004 to 2006. She also has experience working with the intelligence community at the Privy Council Office. Although currently the Associate
Deputy Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, from 2017 to 2020 she
was the Assistant Secretary to the Cabinet, Security and Intelligence, where "she was responsible for advising and supporting the
National Security and Intelligence Advisor on security, intelligence and
emergency management issues. Ms. Xavier was the Co-Chair to the Cabinet
Committee on Global Affairs and Public Security, and also served as secretary
to Cabinet Committee on Incident Response Group." (See her bios <a href="https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/backgrounders/2022/07/08/caroline-xavier" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709023443/https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/deputy-ministers/associate-deputy-minister.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The first four chiefs of CSE, who collectively ran CSE for 53
years, were all hired from inside the closed confines of the SIGINT world. The
appointment of Ian Glen in 1999 ended that tradition, and for the next 19 years
succeeding chiefs were all drawn from outside the agency. Then, in 2018, the job went
back in-house when Shelly Bruce was given the nod, capping a career spent
almost entirely inside the agency.</p><p class="MsoNormal">As Bruce's time in office seemed likely to end soon, I had been wondering recently, would the government again choose a chief from in-house (in which case, Dan Rogers, who was recently appointed to the position of Associate Chief, seemed like a plausible candidate) or would it revert to hiring from outside the agency? As it turns out, the decision was a bit of both. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As a former CSE employee who has spent most of her public
service career in other parts of the government, and who has recent experience near
the top of the Canadian security and intelligence community, Xavier should bring the advantages of both backgrounds to the job — familiarity with CSE, its activities, and its
place in the Canadian and Five Eyes communities, and deep knowledge of, and
connections to, the broader public service and government policy world.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Xavier
will become the 11th Chief in CSE's 76-year history. The previous
chiefs were:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Edward M. Drake (1946 -
1971)</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">N. Kevin O'Neill (1971 -
1980)</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Peter R. Hunt (1980 - 1989)</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">A. Stewart Woolner (1989 -
1999)</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">D. Ian Glen (1999 - 2001)</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Keith Coulter (2001 - 2005)</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">John L. Adams (2005 - 2012)</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">John Forster (2012 - 2015)</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Greta Bossenmaier (2015 -
2018)</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Shelly Bruce (2018 - 2022)</span></span></span></li></ul>
<p></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-2809228699454167082022-06-19T21:18:00.000-04:002022-06-19T21:18:07.463-04:00NSIRA report on Avoiding Complicity in Mistreatment by Foreign Entities <p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">On May 19th, NSIRA
released the <a href="https://nsira-ossnr.gc.ca/review-of-departmental-frameworks-for-avoiding-complicity-in-mistreatment-by-foreign-entities-nsira-review" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">declassified version</a> of its <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Review
of Departmental Frameworks for Avoiding Complicity in Mistreatment by Foreign
Entities (NSIRA Review 2019-06)</i>. Ministerial directions were issued to a number
of Canadian departments and agencies in 2011 and, later, in 2017 on managing
the risks of information sharing with other countries; these MDs were subsequently
replaced by the provisions of the <i>Avoiding Complicity in Mistreatment by
Foreign Entities Act </i>in 2019. NSIRA's review looked specifically at the actions
taken by the six departments and agencies that received the 2017 MD, including
CSE, which unsurprisingly is the agency I'm going to focus on here.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">CSE comes out looking good
in this report. While NSIRA noted deficiencies in the way many of the six
organizations handled this issue and made a series of recommendations applicable to all of
them, CSE was broadly seen as having done well in meeting its obligations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">I have to say I don't find this
result greatly surprising, as two and a half decades of review by OCSEC and now
NSIRA have made CSE highly conscious of the importance of ensuring that
ministerial directions and other legal requirements are clearly reflected in internal
policies and procedures and that compliance with those policies and procedures
is effectively monitored and documented. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">(This is not to
suggest that reviews no longer find matters of this kind — they're still among
the most common issues raised by CSE's watchdogs. But the agency has come a
long way over the years in aligning its policy regime and paperwork with actual
existing practice.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">What I mostly want to
highlight about this report is not compliance questions, but the evidence it
provides of the long way CSE has yet to go on the transparency front.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"></span></p>
<p>Let's look specifically at page 22 of NSIRA's report, where the annex related to CSE
begins. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWrERktRb3zHNANx3B17Qv9yMExTVLosE4BwuSJ7iMRAYfDzogO_SE8VJwM2cStr4yRwGevPsLolqtbTHbKDrDaN24lqdoi7cGpCC9Yj6aJefcapCq6iGyQFBa2T5gQEkbFr7tBWIaHdT1982ssSekIExMCgJqSIZulD4WaJHSztMfci9RDA/s2283/mistreatment%201.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1306" data-original-width="2283" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWrERktRb3zHNANx3B17Qv9yMExTVLosE4BwuSJ7iMRAYfDzogO_SE8VJwM2cStr4yRwGevPsLolqtbTHbKDrDaN24lqdoi7cGpCC9Yj6aJefcapCq6iGyQFBa2T5gQEkbFr7tBWIaHdT1982ssSekIExMCgJqSIZulD4WaJHSztMfci9RDA/w400-h229/mistreatment%201.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> For reasons mysterious to me, CSE evidently insisted on redacting the following non-secrets: <p></p><p> </p>
<p>● that CSE's process under the 2011 Ministerial Directive excluded review of
normal information-sharing with the Five Eyes;</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV0Xil8s6EIl9N-VpJV32kgTlpOiZzGZ64KAmegxh6iHTYtm8rkU8dD4q7kAO6ti1NK9B-5qyH2uZ4aZsWoIMiLz2WlznZdLesEcUzeCXtLkLyCVKlVzSpCx6J7ridKbJZ-IAebl12ALW2HFQtnCy84mkwoEgdrQIbr9EGkhjDl-Q-1zJ8HQ/s2289/mistreatment%202.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="2289" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV0Xil8s6EIl9N-VpJV32kgTlpOiZzGZ64KAmegxh6iHTYtm8rkU8dD4q7kAO6ti1NK9B-5qyH2uZ4aZsWoIMiLz2WlznZdLesEcUzeCXtLkLyCVKlVzSpCx6J7ridKbJZ-IAebl12ALW2HFQtnCy84mkwoEgdrQIbr9EGkhjDl-Q-1zJ8HQ/w400-h101/mistreatment%202.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p>● that prior to 2017, CSE's ITS (i.e., cyber) side and its SIGINT side each
conducted Mistreatment Risk Assessments (MRAs); </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDB7tERl2UzHL2N7PspaxrkiXqibrU6IdEdZTuCJscrQFZCCesI1wbN_7Dc699QxyzoX7vZ6-BMZgFP47edMDMTzznZs9BfVAcdcdT8lt3y4c6GvatSEuCUMc69iVtlTcFQPvo0fPdS5NgiRJxY-lAOhLIhpPo5R1_JlyAwHNns7gp87GgyA/s2450/mistreatment%203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="686" data-original-width="2450" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDB7tERl2UzHL2N7PspaxrkiXqibrU6IdEdZTuCJscrQFZCCesI1wbN_7Dc699QxyzoX7vZ6-BMZgFP47edMDMTzznZs9BfVAcdcdT8lt3y4c6GvatSEuCUMc69iVtlTcFQPvo0fPdS5NgiRJxY-lAOhLIhpPo5R1_JlyAwHNns7gp87GgyA/w400-h113/mistreatment%203.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p>● that the Corporate and Operational Policy Section of CSE, which now
performs these assessments for the entire agency, is or at least was known
internally by the alphanumeric designator D2 (and, more specifically, the
sub-unit responsible was D2A); <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXlOlGi-BgvzoVvng3GcKZNdlsUsQHkrQ8g4qDwAi6mIB55bMK9i6oyC0TL2z8xtGi4UYOS96QMDvOj5qYfhO6dxqHKyYXY1Or_9xZIeyngBJuUYvvboewgAiG690d0Ze2t4VFYRdqYWr3D4c1pJTi2T_J6k56CUhSmsNLljr32j6WmRatdg/s1944/mistreatment%204.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1483" data-original-width="1944" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXlOlGi-BgvzoVvng3GcKZNdlsUsQHkrQ8g4qDwAi6mIB55bMK9i6oyC0TL2z8xtGi4UYOS96QMDvOj5qYfhO6dxqHKyYXY1Or_9xZIeyngBJuUYvvboewgAiG690d0Ze2t4VFYRdqYWr3D4c1pJTi2T_J6k56CUhSmsNLljr32j6WmRatdg/w400-h305/mistreatment%204.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /> <br /><p></p>
<p> </p><p>● and that the CSE branch that contains D2 is Policy and Communications, under the
direction of the Deputy Chief, Policy and Communications (DC PC) (listed as Director
General, Policy and Communications (DG PC) in the out-of-date chart shown below). <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdDb2NnMfxMRq1INnia3Jj_rGJjnOLu6hkXrPnuaJMRnN7PugxwDH5C5nNg61WYXUdn0b2uE96JSSh6DgqXeYyUzwL28g6LZBkm3Qh2k-t20JRhMMLIzyB-StTXOGtuJfP2i7DgVzdi8eXKqADRq6y24h78YvxL6p0TSApKBySnj29iwvMFA/s1894/mistreatment%205.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="1894" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdDb2NnMfxMRq1INnia3Jj_rGJjnOLu6hkXrPnuaJMRnN7PugxwDH5C5nNg61WYXUdn0b2uE96JSSh6DgqXeYyUzwL28g6LZBkm3Qh2k-t20JRhMMLIzyB-StTXOGtuJfP2i7DgVzdi8eXKqADRq6y24h78YvxL6p0TSApKBySnj29iwvMFA/w400-h299/mistreatment%205.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p> </p><p>Was it really necessary for CSE to insist on redacting all that information from NSIRA's
report? If it was, then maybe they shouldn't have revealed it all already.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Something useful is learned</b></span></p>
<p>Happily, it's not all blank spaces and black holes. </p>
<p>On the useful information front, I've wondered for some time how CSE
finessed the Five Eyes issue in the years since the 2017 Ministerial Directive appeared,
since that version and the subsequent 2019 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Avoiding
Complicity</i> <i>Act </i>contain no Five Eyes exception. </p><p>Here the report is actually
quite helpful. Although it doesn't make the Five Eyes connection explicit, the
report reveals that CSE does two types of mistreatment risk assessment:
case-specific ones and annual ones, the latter of which are "used to
exclude countries from the normal MRA process". </p>
<p></p>
<p>I don't think there's much question which countries' boxes get ticked every
year for that.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"><br /></span></p>
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-91999319274733102432022-05-27T15:00:00.002-04:002022-05-27T17:33:43.705-04:00Intelligence Commissioner 2021 Annual Report<p class="MsoNormal">The <a href="https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/oic-bcr/documents/ICO-Annual%20Report-2021.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">2021 annual report</a> of the Office of the Intelligence
Commissioner (ICO) was tabled in Parliament on May 5th. From the perspective of
this blog, the most interesting news in the report was that one of the three
Foreign Intelligence Authorizations (FIAs) granted to CSE by the Minister of
National Defence in 2021 was only "partially" approved by the Intelligence
Commissioner (IC). This marks the first time since the 2019 passage of the <i>National
Security Act, 2017</i>, which created the current oversight regime, that
an FIA has not been fully approved. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao">FIAs enable CSE to conduct its foreign
intelligence program by legalizing aspects of its SIGINT collection activities
that would otherwise be illegal, such as intercepting "private
communications" or breaking into computer systems to steal information.
CSE typically receives three FIAs per year, each valid for a one-year period.
The exact subjects of those FIAs are classified, but collectively they cover
the full range of CSE collection activities, probably grouped into computer
network exploitation, various kinds of radio intercept activities, and cable
collection operations. The authorizations are vital to CSE because, without
them, the agency would be unable to collect intelligence under its foreign
intelligence mandate without running the risk of violating the law.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao">FIAs are issued by the Defence
Minister, but they only come into force if the Minister's decision is approved
as "reasonable" by the IC. In 2021, for the first time, the IC did
not fully approve one of CSE's FIAs. In the case of one particular activity covered
by one of the FIAs, the Commissioner judged that "the Minister's
conclusions </span>lacked information on the nature of the activity described and
on how such activity would be reasonable and proportionate. The IC was of the
view that the Minister’s conclusions did not bear the essential elements of
reasonableness: justification, transparency, intelligibility and did not
establish whether they were justified in relation to the relevant factual and
legal contexts." As a result, the IC "determined that he must not
approve the Foreign Intelligence Authorization relating to this specific
activity."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTRHC5DjkowykG9qrfCUnhhEkfQaZjtph-tXtAjkQU5kFJXyUdPTdLQ7t81H0zLTuv9iRJ6964cV_W0gxG3bNA57vTfwOCdZ2Xrd-hCIAKk33OdC8I2bnWU3kntKbXYxdTJi6Yr4nLCk0ym7dhsiYnRIpHTcmMioJ8Fnq7IHBP3qlHByjNzw/s946/ic.2021.fia.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="941" data-original-width="946" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTRHC5DjkowykG9qrfCUnhhEkfQaZjtph-tXtAjkQU5kFJXyUdPTdLQ7t81H0zLTuv9iRJ6964cV_W0gxG3bNA57vTfwOCdZ2Xrd-hCIAKk33OdC8I2bnWU3kntKbXYxdTJi6Yr4nLCk0ym7dhsiYnRIpHTcmMioJ8Fnq7IHBP3qlHByjNzw/s320/ic.2021.fia.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">So, what exactly was the CSE activity that didn't make the cut? Those
of you who are familiar with watchdog reports will know better than to expect
the IC to reveal that information to us — or, perhaps more correctly, know better
than to expect CSE to permit the IC to reveal it to us. Whether the activity in
question is a secret legitimately worth keeping or one of those
everyone-knows-we-do-it-but-we-obstinately-refuse-to-admit-it secrets we may
never know.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Interestingly, however, in its <a href="https://www.nsira-ossnr.gc.ca/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-2020-October-18-2021-FINAL-for-the-Prime-Minister-English-for-printing-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">2020 annual report</a> (released to the public
in December 2021), the National Security and Intelligence Review Agency (NSIRA)
also raised concerns about an unidentified CSE activity that at least
conceivably could be the same program. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In that case, NSIRA recommended that "CSE should seek a
fulsome legal assessment on activities authorized by a specific Foreign
Intelligence Authorization prior to undertaking any collection activities under
this ministerial authorization (MA)." In its response to NSIRA, CSE
accepted the recommendation "in principle" but seemed to suggest that
it had already done sufficient legal assessment of the activity.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiNIlj7fsN4qWuTzbPMRjBBSHyj_jeYOeaPO4EAzUZQRLxj5BzOv15RXj_qC_PiwlBIHh61eYP8cIWsp-leznwKOvtM73wmzIVzOkRa6nQiL_Ax7fTCBk3waFBCWluMFfAURpUYFHLnM-UajqB-S7vvyzhjibc9LxFLPg2uH2UPmCWr-FyrA/s2468/nsira.2020.fia.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1086" data-original-width="2468" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiNIlj7fsN4qWuTzbPMRjBBSHyj_jeYOeaPO4EAzUZQRLxj5BzOv15RXj_qC_PiwlBIHh61eYP8cIWsp-leznwKOvtM73wmzIVzOkRa6nQiL_Ax7fTCBk3waFBCWluMFfAURpUYFHLnM-UajqB-S7vvyzhjibc9LxFLPg2uH2UPmCWr-FyrA/w410-h181/nsira.2020.fia.jpg" width="410" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">Similarly, in declining to approve the particular activity that was of
concern to the IC, the Commissioner stated (among other points) that
the Minister's conclusions "did not establish whether they were justified
in relation to the relevant ... legal contexts." </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">NSIRA also appears to have been concerned about the
reasonableness and proportionality of CSE's planned activities, as CSE's
response to NSIRA specifically noted CSE's belief that, in its view, the activities were
"reasonable and proportionate". For its part, the IC stated
that <span class="css-901oao">"the Minister's conclusions </span>lacked information
... on how such activity would be reasonable and proportionate." </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Were the two watchdog agencies talking about the same
proposed activity?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We don't know. But if they were (and this is just an
"if"), a couple of points are worth noting.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">First, as the NSIRA report reveals, the activity in question
is something comparatively new to CSE, "enabled since the <i>CSE Act</i>"
(which was passed in 2019), and it had not yet begun operations at the time of
NSIRA's examination. This suggests the possibility that it also may not have
been in operation during the time the IC looked at it, which would mean that
CSE did not have to shut down an active program when the authorization for it
was refused. (This might also explain why no additional or amended FIA was
presented to the IC later in the year to get the activity back in operation — it wasn't ready to go anyway.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It might seem strange that an authorization would be sought for
a program that isn't ready to go into operation, but it has been known to
happen under the previous (pre-2019) ministerial authorization regime.
Presumably, the goal of such early approvals is to have the authorization
already in place when the program is ready to begin, and perhaps
also to check whether the program is in fact likely to receive authorization
before a large amount of time and money has been expended on its development
and installation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The second point worth noting is that this may represent a
concrete example of NSIRA and the IC working together, sharing information and
highlighting issues of importance or concern to one another. This information
sharing, although limited largely to certain types of formal reporting, was one
of the benefits that was foreseen when the new review and oversight regime was
created in 2019. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The IC report contains a brief description of how this kind of cooperation works:
"The IC must provide a copy of his or her decisions to NSIRA in order to
assist it in fulfilling its review mandate. In addition, the IC is entitled to
receive a copy of certain reports, or parts of reports, prepared by NSICOP and
NSIRA, if they relate to the IC’s powers, duties or functions."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It goes on to add: "In 2021, the IC received one such
report from NSIRA." </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But if that report had anything to do with the CSE foreign
intelligence authorization discussed here, they're not telling us. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Presumably CSE at least knows whether there is a link
between the two watchdogs' concerns. If they <i>are</i> linked, maybe CSE
has now revisited its somewhat dismissive response to NSIRA's recommendation.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Partially reasonable</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As I noted above, this was the first time that the IC approved
an FIA only in part. But it didn't come as a complete surprise, as the
possibility of such a decision was flagged in both of the IC's previous reports:
in both documents, the table summarizing the Commissioner's decisions contained a
column labeled "Partially Reasonable" that clearly implied partial
rejections were possible.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If you look up the <a href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/I-14.85.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i>Intelligence Commissioner Act</i></a>, you will
see that s.20(1) offers the Commissioner just two courses of action: approving the
authorization or not approving the authorization. It doesn't say anything about
approving most of the bits while rejecting other bits. So, in all honesty, I don't
understand the statutory basis for this procedure.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But the Intelligence Commissioner obviously does see a basis
for this approach, CSE shows no sign of disagreeing with him, and other people who — very
much unlike me — have an actual understanding of Canadian national security law
and statutory interpretation are comfortable with it too. So I classify this in the
category of things-that-clearly-work-that-way-even-though-I-don't-really-understand-why.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And it does seem like a practical approach. It would obviously
be undesirable to have large, multi-program authorizations like these refused
every time there was a problem with one small element within them. We also
wouldn't want the IC to be tempted — or to feel pressured — to let legitimate concerns
about particular programs slide for fear of the broad disruption that a refusal might cause. </p><p class="MsoNormal">An
alternative approach would be to require a separate FIA for each separate information
collection activity that CSE wished to conduct. But depending on how those activities
were broken down, that could lead to a significantly large number of authorizations,
each of which would need to be reviewed and signed by the Minister and then considered by the
Commissioner. That would create a great deal of additional paperwork, but it's
not clear that it would have any actual advantages over the current approach.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>More transparency to come?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Last year's IC report promised that "the ICO will
explore the possibility of publishing redacted and translated versions of the
IC’s decisions on the ICO website." This year's report contains an update
on that initiative, noting that "the ICO has made considerable efforts to
publish the IC’s decisions on the ICO website. The ICO is working towards
having the decisions available online as soon as feasible."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Presumably the delay is primarily the result of CSE's on-going
reluctance to countenance the publication of any information the public might find
remotely informative. It will be interesting to see what, if anything,
is eventually permitted to appear on the ICO website. Among other possibilities, maybe at that point
we'll learn if this year's partial rejection was related to the same program that prompted
concerns at NSIRA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Media coverage</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As far as I can tell, the ICO report received no media coverage.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But Christopher Parsons' detailed <a href="https://twitter.com/caparsons/status/1523690775917506561" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Twitter thread</a>
looking at aspects of the report is well worth reading. See also <a href="https://twitter.com/caparsons/status/1526271143585382401" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">this update</a> to the thread,
in which the ICO explains the statutory basis for its approach to authorizations. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Since Chris's Twitter posts don't last forever, he has generously suggested that I also reproduce the ICO's reply here:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfIgmfL7VrqYIe83uSVYg04cSeg3eXyD6AMIS5Du2e9f5qh_c__sKD8_CumB1ifxdwPUEuKMGoXRYZefgg-VRkCqpEyGYlERUu4pSBpngA7MMaaEeYFbrsCjdCkwTEIUgsFHrLJ9n_fyStnRwJnI4LNxL6avDT30u3R39YDe9SpUEPll2DPQ/s2402/ico.16may22.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1110" data-original-width="2402" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfIgmfL7VrqYIe83uSVYg04cSeg3eXyD6AMIS5Du2e9f5qh_c__sKD8_CumB1ifxdwPUEuKMGoXRYZefgg-VRkCqpEyGYlERUu4pSBpngA7MMaaEeYFbrsCjdCkwTEIUgsFHrLJ9n_fyStnRwJnI4LNxL6avDT30u3R39YDe9SpUEPll2DPQ/s320/ico.16may22.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-72903548389072157052022-05-25T16:03:00.002-04:002022-05-26T15:37:38.954-04:00History of the Examination Unit<p>Set up during the Second World War and housed in the National Research Council, the Examination Unit (XU) was Canada's first cryptanalytic agency.</p><p>The XU was shut down in the closing days of the war, but elements of it were combined with related armed services SIGINT units to create the Joint Discrimination Unit, which evolved in 1946 into Canada's post-war SIGINT agency, the Communications Branch of the NRC (CBNRC), now known as the Communications Security Establishment. The XU was thus a direct ancestor of today's CSE.<br /></p><p>A classified internal history of the XU was compiled under the editorship of Gilbert de B. Robinson, a Canadian mathematician who helped to establish the unit, worked on its staff, and served as its final director.<br /></p><p>That 222-page document has long sat available in full to researchers on the shelves of Library and Archives Canada, but the only copy accessible on the Internet (through this blog) was a highly redacted version released more than 30 years ago through an Access to Information request. </p><p>That sad state of affairs ends today. Here is the document in its entirety:</p><p><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ueesmtN8r2jN0t9HDQeQ9mZBizxYHG1S/view" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">A History of the Examination Unit, 1941-1945</a> (61 MB PDF)<br /></p><p>My thanks to the family of Examination Unit staff member David Hayne for sharing the hard copy with me.<br /></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-78692106181483862302022-01-12T02:11:00.024-05:002022-01-12T17:24:19.799-05:00A year of Canadian SIGINT history posts<p class="MsoNormal">2021 was the Communications Security Establishment's 75th
anniversary year. Every day during that year, I posted a Tweet highlighting an item
related to Canada's SIGINT activities that had taken place on that date, using the
hashtag <a href="https://twitter.com/search?f=live&q=(%23cse75)%20(from%3ANewmanRobinson)&src=typed_query" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">#CSE75</a>. Most of the items related directly to CSE (or to CBNRC, the Communications
Branch of the National Research Council, as CSE was known until 1 April 1975),
but there were also a lot about Canada's broader SIGINT history, including many
related to the Second World War and even earlier. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It was my hope that, in addition to being interesting in themselves,
these Tweets might encourage, or maybe shame, CSE itself to be more open about
its past. </p><p class="MsoNormal">The agency did add a small amount of material about its history to
its website during the year, making related Twitter posts using the bilingual
hashtag #CSE75CST. But I'm quite sure my efforts had nothing to do with any of that
(except for the fact that a number of CSE's items clearly drew in part from information
previously published on this blog).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">You can still find my #CSE75 posts on Twitter, but I thought
it might be interesting and maybe in some way useful to compile them in one
place here. They're pretty much as I originally posted them, but I have taken
advantage of the blog format to spell out some of the acronyms, correct a
couple of typos, and add a bit more explanatory text in a few places. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My plan with #CSE75 was to post something interesting about
Canada's SIGINT history for each day of the year. The result is not a comprehensive list of the most important developments in that history. In
many cases multiple important events have occurred on the same day of the year,
and in other cases the month or year of an event may be publicly known but the
exact date is not. Many key developments are more in the nature of processes, to
which it is difficult or perhaps meaningless to assign a date. And of course many
of the most important events are probably ones of which we in the public are
not even aware. </p><p class="MsoNormal">In some cases I had to stretch a bit to find something
interesting to report for a specific date, resorting, e.g., to examples of routine
activities by or related to the agency that occurred on that date. But I think
those items also help illuminate Canada's SIGINT history.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With those caveats in place, here's the list:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">1 January 1917: "[T]he earliest record of Canadian
Corps intercept of German communications ... occurred about 1 January 1917, at
“No 6 Post”, Neuville St. Vaast." (The RCN began intercepting German
wireless messages in 1914, however.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhBlbRA0SoEv0g4mkvWRf4oTQ_jh2eKTyWLoeBldwyCPZ7K65z8j86YbPoN2U3Kh_oCFe8mW6yNBHR3cPdLFTn0L600ZuiKHexWXjdb3G_nMTG2ua548R5DrM_mN6QT_o7CBOeFxAC2Q1QtErkob9XNxJDmbTi6PpgT-4O_CvCUO-9q7Fk13w=s2242" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1561" data-original-width="2242" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhBlbRA0SoEv0g4mkvWRf4oTQ_jh2eKTyWLoeBldwyCPZ7K65z8j86YbPoN2U3Kh_oCFe8mW6yNBHR3cPdLFTn0L600ZuiKHexWXjdb3G_nMTG2ua548R5DrM_mN6QT_o7CBOeFxAC2Q1QtErkob9XNxJDmbTi6PpgT-4O_CvCUO-9q7Fk13w=w390-h272" width="390" /></a></div><br />2 January 1946: According to External Affairs officer Bill
Crean, Canada would suggest at the upcoming Commonwealth SIGINT conference that its post-war SIGINT agency "take assignments
concerned with Chinese, Spanish and French traffic providing the latter does
not involve dealing with material between Ottawa and Paris." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3 January 1956: Scheduled start date for trial operations of
the new Canadian Indications Centre set up by the Joint Intelligence Committee
to provide warning of Soviet war preparations using SIGINT intercepts and other
intelligence sources. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">4 January 1971: The headquarters of the Supplementary Radio
System, Canada's radio intercept service, moves from HMCS Gloucester to
"A" Building in downtown Ottawa.</p>
5 January 1945: The Y Committee endorses a suggestion by
Herbert Norman for the creation of a postwar "Canadian Signal Intelligence
Centre", but External Affairs is not in favour at this time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>
<p class="MsoNormal">6 January 1947: Bill Crean, the External Affairs officer in
charge of SIGINT policy, informs the US that "while offhand he had no
specific objection to [a Canada-US communications intelligence (COMINT)]
agreement, he did not quite see the need for it." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7 January 1953: Communications Research Committee report
SC/26, covering SIGINT activities during 1952, states that "COMINT is far
and away the main source of intelligence available in Canada at present."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">8 January 1947: The US Communications Intelligence Board
agrees to draft a negotiating text for a Canada-U.S. COMINT agreement covering
"security, dissemination, and restrictions on the use of communication
intelligence for commercial advantage." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">9 January 1974: CBC airs the documentary <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-espionage-establishment-of-1974-1.3069718" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Fifth Estate: The Espionage Establishment</a>,
revealing CBNRC's SIGINT role to the Canadian public and leading to probing
questions in parliament.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">10 January 1942: The Canadian Army's #3 Special Wireless Station,
located near Victoria, BC, begins operations. The station monitors Japanese,
and later Soviet, radio traffic.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAFEqK4pInOLYebOVk5A76Kb-EbbhIWjapGhSHivCs9DuPtlJVR8zeR_zaZOfBxRDIGFWOTGiRpPe8ClSBOJn-bkiJoJoSb-EbcsSfUUK9S3M7lJQQEWaoS8PIdWO5BzYCeQpsq3IeYbs_7iVZy44pYluSDo3Z5grdqHfo3ZxBRwOV2aP8FQ=s539" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="539" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAFEqK4pInOLYebOVk5A76Kb-EbbhIWjapGhSHivCs9DuPtlJVR8zeR_zaZOfBxRDIGFWOTGiRpPe8ClSBOJn-bkiJoJoSb-EbcsSfUUK9S3M7lJQQEWaoS8PIdWO5BzYCeQpsq3IeYbs_7iVZy44pYluSDo3Z5grdqHfo3ZxBRwOV2aP8FQ=w387-h270" width="387" /></a></div><br />11 January 1978: The Intelligence Advisory Committee concludes
"the present atmosphere associated with the McDonald Commission and the
Keable Inquiry is not conducive at this time for government approval" of the
<a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2017/04/cbnrcs-mini-shamrock.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">CSE Special Collection Project</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">12 January 1944: The Canadian Cabinet War Committee approves
a UK proposal that Canada intercept and process Japanese meteorological
messages. (However, the US Navy later decides to do the job alone.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">13 January 1945: No. 1 Canadian Special Wireless Group
departs Canada for service in Australia, where it will remain until the end of
the war, intercepting Japanese radio traffic for Central Bureau.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">14 January 1955: The Cipher Policy Committee agrees to
appoint a liaison officer to represent Canada in the US on communications
security (COMSEC) matters; Art Browness subsequently becomes CBNRC's first
COMSEC Liaison Officer. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">15 January 1942: Veteran GC&CS cryptanalyst Oliver
Strachey takes over as director of Canada's nascent cryptanalytic organization,
the Examination Unit (XU), replacing Herbert Yardley.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh3SDtN-7mnPGCs_7ZBYTtGdTZgZCgYQdDjh_y7wJfmd6M-zwCkKZB7GtB9TIhPwWPuQdY9N00S7Wfp4W0phGIUIQBHebHYnFrUxKw2BFaHx6qS5gVOiPLB7NtPdl6jcPcW4ncqX9fN8e1JMPx5i2L9g6yhtmV2a5GijzvTdZ6jA2lofi64Qw=s2065" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2000" data-original-width="2065" height="375" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh3SDtN-7mnPGCs_7ZBYTtGdTZgZCgYQdDjh_y7wJfmd6M-zwCkKZB7GtB9TIhPwWPuQdY9N00S7Wfp4W0phGIUIQBHebHYnFrUxKw2BFaHx6qS5gVOiPLB7NtPdl6jcPcW4ncqX9fN8e1JMPx5i2L9g6yhtmV2a5GijzvTdZ6jA2lofi64Qw=w387-h375" width="387" /></a></div><br />16 January 1975: Order-in-Council PC 1975-95 directs the transfer
of CBNRC from the National Research Council to the Department of National Defence
as of 1 April 1975. CBNRC is renamed the Communications Security Establishment on
the same day. <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiWgihIglh0l0MFZCbVLm8P9RxPyxcAEynUDCvBJhfhcAbiH-nHO9SDdID18PfsFehVz3s3AugM_dWd3P6ztMSXkSm0fbsAUvAXwYCcptIBBIZnidjbetgBfYHFecQ7ufbTT_YkRt0ui68tgF_7f6nAR9IAbPfRI_TRo2Efb16zq5nqCcnpPQ=s2245" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1389" data-original-width="2245" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiWgihIglh0l0MFZCbVLm8P9RxPyxcAEynUDCvBJhfhcAbiH-nHO9SDdID18PfsFehVz3s3AugM_dWd3P6ztMSXkSm0fbsAUvAXwYCcptIBBIZnidjbetgBfYHFecQ7ufbTT_YkRt0ui68tgF_7f6nAR9IAbPfRI_TRo2Efb16zq5nqCcnpPQ=w389-h241" width="389" /></a></div><br />17 January 1991: Coalition combat operations begin in the
Gulf War. A Canadian cryptologic direct support element accompanies the
Canadian naval task force to provide SIGINT support during the mission.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">18 January 1986: CSE advertises for Transcriber Analysts
with proficiency in "a Slavic, Oriental, Middle Eastern or Romance
language". The ad reflects the growing range of CSE's SIGINT targets as it
transitions from a near-exclusive focus on the USSR.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhzS5M3xzxZWNaDTZ9SsDPpXgMVnmNJOMFjHG6vt5BYyIEEVmrjBTVslN2-OKfjTd2iLC_DnY_Y41MaMTJk6Usu-J_2V9XPgQ3rlOP_ffl3JCVLIJAzdeGJ_bSoAWyamcZipaHT1ZgetGKxsxeI_mGRbV4Q-vfpIBJoBHd8EqtWK1-QG-Negw=s2203" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1349" data-original-width="2203" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhzS5M3xzxZWNaDTZ9SsDPpXgMVnmNJOMFjHG6vt5BYyIEEVmrjBTVslN2-OKfjTd2iLC_DnY_Y41MaMTJk6Usu-J_2V9XPgQ3rlOP_ffl3JCVLIJAzdeGJ_bSoAWyamcZipaHT1ZgetGKxsxeI_mGRbV4Q-vfpIBJoBHd8EqtWK1-QG-Negw=w391-h239" width="391" /></a></div><br />19 January 2010: CSE's Joint Research Office calls for
"a next-generation collaborative analytics capability". "Thanks
to technological and economic forces like the Internet, commoditization, and
globalization, CSE is now awash in an ocean of data." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">20 January 2017: A planning document lays out the purpose of the
first public opinion research project ever undertaken by CSE: to determine Canadians'
views "both in terms of [CSE's] mandate and activities, and in terms of
recruitment initiatives."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">21 January 2020: Consortium News reports that it sent libel
notices to CSE and Global News. The letters demand a retraction and apology for
suggesting that the site was "part of a cyber-influence campaign directed
by Russia." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">22 January 1944: The GRU rezident in Ottawa sends an
encrypted telegram to Moscow. Due to Soviet reuse of one-time pads, the message
later becomes one of at least 23 Ottawa–Moscow telegrams partially decrypted during
the VENONA project.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEip9TNFZTRqd3JiXmQo2O3LoRvwWh8IgYTSBvfYdnKCWxWy4x4-5Huy7ixLqQo-Hj3CjooEMku8EuSJb_91DdknWWyOBKjtXXOu6c_FJ93EoHpNhMn42L4WTBWXEGp0G36NtDlxWk2UUkifuSvvYryUSNH9abueSd83ri7ognu4J1ICO_gDuQ=s830" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="521" height="626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEip9TNFZTRqd3JiXmQo2O3LoRvwWh8IgYTSBvfYdnKCWxWy4x4-5Huy7ixLqQo-Hj3CjooEMku8EuSJb_91DdknWWyOBKjtXXOu6c_FJ93EoHpNhMn42L4WTBWXEGp0G36NtDlxWk2UUkifuSvvYryUSNH9abueSd83ri7ognu4J1ICO_gDuQ=w393-h626" width="393" /></a></div><br />23 January 1987: The Marchand Report comments on CSE's new
program for delivering SIGINT to clients: "A growing number of senior
readers are getting hooked on the Customer Relations Officers' services
provided to them on site by clever and aggressive CSE staffers." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">24 January 2006: Five Eyes partner agencies meet at CFS
Leitrim to plan SIGINT support to the countries participating in the NATO-led International
Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">25 January 1955: CPC Paper 14/55 concludes that
establishment of a crypto evaluation unit in CBNRC is a "feasible and
worthwhile undertaking". But little progress is made in the next few years
"because of the inability to recruit staff with the appropriate
qualifications." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">26 January 1942: A memo for the Cabinet War Committee recommends
that the NRC's Examination Unit (XU), the cryptanalytic unit set up on a trial
basis in June 1941, be made a "permanent war agency", with an annual
appropriation of $100,000. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">27 January 1943: The Examination Unit drops work on German clandestine
material and switches to Japanese military (i.e. army, army air force, and army
troopship) communications. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">28 January 2016: CSE Commissioner Jean-Pierre Plouffe declares
that CSE <a href="https://www.ocsec-bccst.gc.ca/s41/s60/d352/eng/commissioner-plouffe-report-tabled" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">did not comply with the law</a> when it failed to ensure that Canadian
identity information was properly removed or masked in metadata shared with
partner countries. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">29 January 1964: A new low-frequency radio to troposcatter to
microwave to landline communications link from the intercept station at Alert
to CBNRC in Ottawa enters service, supplementing the poorly performing HF radio
links. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">30 January 2012: John Forster, formerly Associate Deputy
Minister of Infrastructure, becomes the eighth Chief of CSE, replacing John
Adams.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjEBzBaFjhs7I1J9f5No2Rj_Jk9d6Hlf4OYraAZLrOqOf_BvOdtDFGJBlDdaLf58A7pDYHjYx-8SjvBRn2bPx-Z7kd0rKWfXqejFzjAlDKY_0D9Fq44lN-80Pv_j3-JHHmEfig_6j_zUAzBYjB76PeeuylpiRbiv3oVyJOcg6RItQOHLZiFXw=s354" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="311" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjEBzBaFjhs7I1J9f5No2Rj_Jk9d6Hlf4OYraAZLrOqOf_BvOdtDFGJBlDdaLf58A7pDYHjYx-8SjvBRn2bPx-Z7kd0rKWfXqejFzjAlDKY_0D9Fq44lN-80Pv_j3-JHHmEfig_6j_zUAzBYjB76PeeuylpiRbiv3oVyJOcg6RItQOHLZiFXw=w393-h448" width="393" /></a></div><br />31 January 2011: The contract to design, build, finance, and
maintain CSE's new headquarters building, subsequently named the Edward Drake
Building, is awarded to Plenary Properties LTAP.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJBqMjGDl6vp05Xe0FNwfscDImzqSnxH9jkLTZor3WmYpmEXfbC0IGL48MvfidqxWklG71r6qbT9dsAg1EF182yXEuHaAtSS_j4O5fUbNWyEPnHAGzCWO6_7fNjW4_o75kUp1G8321NPfXj7ffRHodpe4soHGs9dMCAsvGIZOpcdJEvuyggQ=s2128" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1416" data-original-width="2128" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJBqMjGDl6vp05Xe0FNwfscDImzqSnxH9jkLTZor3WmYpmEXfbC0IGL48MvfidqxWklG71r6qbT9dsAg1EF182yXEuHaAtSS_j4O5fUbNWyEPnHAGzCWO6_7fNjW4_o75kUp1G8321NPfXj7ffRHodpe4soHGs9dMCAsvGIZOpcdJEvuyggQ=w387-h257" width="387" /></a></div><br />1 February 2017: Minister of Democratic Institutions Karina
Gould asks CSE "to analyze risks to Canada’s political and electoral
activities from hackers, and to release this assessment publicly." <a href="https://cyber.gc.ca/en/guidance/cyber-threats-canadas-democratic-process" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The report</a> was released in June 2017. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2 February 2011: CSE is called in to help investigate and
mitigate a compromise discovered in Privy Council Office computers. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3 February 2014: CSE Chief John Forster testifies, "One
of the challenges I have as chief... is for us to be far more transparent and
open as far as we can be within the confines of national security about what we
do." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">4 February 2005: Former NSA Senior US Liaison Officer/Ottawa
(SUSLO/O) Cindy Farkus comments on NSA relations with CSE: "It was a real
eye-opener for the State Department personnel in Ottawa to see how well we
interact with the Canadians." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">5 February 1942: Gilbert deB Robinson writes to Lester Pearson
arguing against excessively limiting Examination Unit tasks: if the XU staff
"is to have the requisite experience in various fields it is essential
that the material on which we are to work be correspondingly varied." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6 February 1946: The Canadian Joint Intelligence Committee
recommends that Canada maintain "post-war intercept facilities on a scale
sufficient to ensure a fair Canadian contribution to the general pool of
wireless intelligence set up between Canada and other Empire countries and the
United States." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7 February 2018: CSE's <i>Blueprint 2020 @ CSE </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">report states</span> that 88% of CSE employees
believe the agency "works hard to create a workplace that prevents
harassment", while 12% report "being victims of harassment". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">8 February 1971: Edward M. Drake, CBNRC's first director,
dies at the age of 59. Drake had been a key player in Canadian SIGINT since
1940. Kevin O'Neill was subsequently appointed the agency's second director.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg2zEFMK1kUebhQhBJdidprmwXM3LgZ_9ArtFI5x_-QgCEDZdl0cIA5c1BNG9pOmsmA4ntZC8TubTbHn7CkpgAqU746EVTtHse5VReElOzGl8dz3jrXicruiFODB02KQKJNSbKetDB-envKM6ci_l87ltqGFhpJVfEiUxWEh0h4FBhoxjSAow=s429" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="429" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg2zEFMK1kUebhQhBJdidprmwXM3LgZ_9ArtFI5x_-QgCEDZdl0cIA5c1BNG9pOmsmA4ntZC8TubTbHn7CkpgAqU746EVTtHse5VReElOzGl8dz3jrXicruiFODB02KQKJNSbKetDB-envKM6ci_l87ltqGFhpJVfEiUxWEh0h4FBhoxjSAow=w392-h357" width="392" /></a></div><br />9 February 2015: Greta Bossenmaier, formerly Senior
Associate Deputy Minister for International Development, becomes the ninth Chief
of CSE, replacing John Forster. Bossenmaier was the first woman appointed to the
job.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgTiERJqrT9EoBwfX6oGNeRm0KAq6wwnrNNS9fOzNnXK8pTyCxRFxel5K20MpmrPPwr4dgVToalX_qfdMPrJP4KwDK7G8d5o_gNIP6z2AAqVfcON5EhT_ZUQZrMHnVoMOmqXQzvJt1g3LQeofw8txi1GI5m-fm2w7pD3T8mD85dnNAdD4KrUQ=s1200" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="799" data-original-width="1200" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgTiERJqrT9EoBwfX6oGNeRm0KAq6wwnrNNS9fOzNnXK8pTyCxRFxel5K20MpmrPPwr4dgVToalX_qfdMPrJP4KwDK7G8d5o_gNIP6z2AAqVfcON5EhT_ZUQZrMHnVoMOmqXQzvJt1g3LQeofw8txi1GI5m-fm2w7pD3T8mD85dnNAdD4KrUQ=w391-h260" width="391" /></a></div><br />10 February 1951:
The Ottawa Journal reports that "E. Drake rolled a cross of 706 with a
string of 304 to set the pace in the CB-NRC Bowling League". (Unlike its
role, CBNRC's existence was never secret, and in the 1940s-1950s its bowling results
were often reported.) Chuck Hellyer, who came second, was head of the machine processing section.<br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgj5EPQA8L3-l41fX2Rqc7y0KbVYPzgkSaTm04c-IVfqZyLHLQg0ksPKs8-_99w5UiEQoaygHPrU2w0lA4VKdDZBSH9VI1M4MPwHFcmwLs3mvX5ScezST6owsLlirvO007Vr_3NYu9oUU3c0bRRkSPn9AFzSkcPMmTFZSdlNgzpvIdN2IQi2Q=s1674" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="1674" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgj5EPQA8L3-l41fX2Rqc7y0KbVYPzgkSaTm04c-IVfqZyLHLQg0ksPKs8-_99w5UiEQoaygHPrU2w0lA4VKdDZBSH9VI1M4MPwHFcmwLs3mvX5ScezST6owsLlirvO007Vr_3NYu9oUU3c0bRRkSPn9AFzSkcPMmTFZSdlNgzpvIdN2IQi2Q=w392-h235" width="392" /></a></div><br />11 February 1947: Opening day of the CANUKUS Technical
Conference held in Ottawa to consider locations of future Canadian intercept
stations: "the experts ... concluded that Whitehorse and Churchill were suitable
sites". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">12 February 2008: CSE and Health Canada sign a memorandum of
understanding on the provision of SIGINT support to the department: Among other
roles the MOU notes, "A key focus of HC is to maintain a pandemic
preparedness plan". </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhfwRQWaeebZVnM7fozZyEFDECJdXl0j4HCfJV7oiO2wtAXWX3b8WF3dXv_hsDWsW4jK0AdFG3PwNYdOMmKBhhv8K09qLHynNf3CDidNnXcOwqzXBZo1Eqt9kksK7fBHjA_F60c6akfEfXgJiez6aFlvAQDp-8vkbJUtj3RgjFq082F86sprg=s2610" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="693" data-original-width="2610" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhfwRQWaeebZVnM7fozZyEFDECJdXl0j4HCfJV7oiO2wtAXWX3b8WF3dXv_hsDWsW4jK0AdFG3PwNYdOMmKBhhv8K09qLHynNf3CDidNnXcOwqzXBZo1Eqt9kksK7fBHjA_F60c6akfEfXgJiez6aFlvAQDp-8vkbJUtj3RgjFq082F86sprg=w391-h104" width="391" /></a></div><br />13 February 2018: Testifying on Bill C-59, CSE Director
General of Strategic Policy, Planning and Partnerships Scott Millar confirms
that "the capability [to conduct active, i.e., offensive, cyber
operations] exists with CSE now." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">14 February 2014: CSE's <i>2013-14 Corporate Risk Profile </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">notes,<i> "</i></span>CSE has entered
an era in which it is paramount to persistently demonstrate lawfulness in order
to maintain public, partner and parliamentary confidence as a means to securing
CSE's reputation and future." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">15 February 2018: CSE publicly attributes the NotPetya
malware to "actors in Russia", adding "there is no indication
that Government of Canada systems were negatively impacted or that any [Canadian]
information – personal or otherwise – was compromised." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">16 February 1945: No. 1 Canadian Special Wireless Group
arrives in Australia, having left Canada on January 13th.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAekQuVua2zIZg9vuQsxb2qY9SKdsCtCINjZzHs5LNxMtm33E5uw5YLbb7XXciMTqJwIDG9fF3AOzoXZpWXb52yVzNRbvtuYGMJZkwpF-9f6YwrYNmrA3E6Z7zWQ5y_tOaYsZ8A4GvtTjcADkFq7B2fruK7sot8xIHNvEBV3WWUZkQp3er9Q=s775" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="775" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAekQuVua2zIZg9vuQsxb2qY9SKdsCtCINjZzHs5LNxMtm33E5uw5YLbb7XXciMTqJwIDG9fF3AOzoXZpWXb52yVzNRbvtuYGMJZkwpF-9f6YwrYNmrA3E6Z7zWQ5y_tOaYsZ8A4GvtTjcADkFq7B2fruK7sot8xIHNvEBV3WWUZkQp3er9Q=w393-h246" width="393" /></a></div><br />17 February 1944: The RCMP declines at this time to appoint
a member to serve on the XU Committee, suggesting that "whenever any
matter of interest to this Force is brought up, it be dealt with by correspondence
... or by personal interview".<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">18 February 2015: Canadian Forces Information Operations
Group (CFIOG) commander Col. Steven Moritsugu explains the SIGINT role of CFS
Alert: "Our main reason for having the station there would be the defence
of Canada, the defence of the homeland, and the defence of North America. Our
primary sharing is with NORAD." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">19 February 1945: Norman Robertson and George Glazebrook meet with NRC
head Dr. C.J. Mackenzie about the future of the Examination Unit. "We had
a very general discussion," Mackenzie noted, "and probably will cut
down the size of this commitment later on." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">20 February 1990: Former Intelligence and Security Coordinator Blair Seaborn comments on CSE:
"Because it is involved in an extremely sensitive area, both the
protection of Canadian government communications and the interception of
foreign communications,... it is an ultra-secret organization".</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">21 February 1991: The Cabinet Committee on Security and
Intelligence agrees that Canada should "adjust its foreign intelligence
collection efforts to collect more economic and diplomatic intelligence, both
to serve its own needs better and to have more to exchange". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">22 February 1946: Canada and other Dominions begin a
two-week Commonwealth Signals Intelligence Conference in London to discuss post-war
SIGINT cooperation with Britain and, through Britain, the United States. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">23 February 1996: CSE's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1996-97
SIGINT Program Business Plan</i> reports the agency's "expectation that
demands for our SIGINT services will continue to escalate, particularly in the
areas of economic and political intelligence and support to the Canadian
Forces." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">24 February 1994: The Department of National Defence
announces that the intercept stations at CFS Alert, CFB Gander and CFS Masset
will be converted for remote operation from CFS Leitrim.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJuguEf26qPX7_uxaQA4P2ihyTp3zJ9-zFQ1FqhHUhv-u3V63kBJjLRmezcUy14qU8wSEdOaRPXDf8FKEURilHGYE59er_nXUk0bzWXz7wJX0B0O60KcADrcS8o0Rh7zNclh-jDGN0dHWU32wPgSk2_m54vduamDhMLK5cX7vqJqfR3MN_FQ=s1405" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1180" data-original-width="1405" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJuguEf26qPX7_uxaQA4P2ihyTp3zJ9-zFQ1FqhHUhv-u3V63kBJjLRmezcUy14qU8wSEdOaRPXDf8FKEURilHGYE59er_nXUk0bzWXz7wJX0B0O60KcADrcS8o0Rh7zNclh-jDGN0dHWU32wPgSk2_m54vduamDhMLK5cX7vqJqfR3MN_FQ=w394-h331" width="394" /></a></div><br />25 February 1977: CSE's Management Committee agrees to
appoint a Special Advisor on Equal Opportunities for Women (Edwina Slattery). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">26 February 2015: CSE's new headquarters on Ogilvie Road is
officially named the Edward Drake Building. The former CBC headquarters on
Bronson Avenue, purchased for CSE in 1997, also carried Drake's name while CSE
occupied the building. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">27 February 2014: CSE temporarily disables sharing of
telephone metadata with Five Eyes partners due to multiple failures to
"minimize" Canadian identity information contained in the data. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">28 February 2005: CSE Commissioner Antonio Lamer recommends that
CSE "seek agreement among the second party partners [NSA, GCHQ, ASD and GCSB]
on ... the use and retention of recognized [Canadian] private communications
intercepted through collection." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1 March 1988: The Interdepartmental Committee on Security
and Intelligence discusses CSE's plans for "Intelsat Collection" (i.e.,
participation in the UKUSA ECHELON program, monitoring traffic on international
communications satellites). The photograph below shows satellite dishes in place at CFS Leitrim in 1988.<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjLH84n4RYdP98_JtRWTMmJmYBIjBrTHMuvBBBhXFh_sWQd4SGBgFDegWUeEUEyDsVaSFd6ImeJdouZ3NmjUrFzaKY-ZtvtYL-Q1vxjdtsd1CNsE29ZwOmKIqke9EMEnjOpUkndFCF59kgAhvDGlvBZ7IKwBj0j4Huiwy7yfbfx6Ye-_XmJYw=s570" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="570" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjLH84n4RYdP98_JtRWTMmJmYBIjBrTHMuvBBBhXFh_sWQd4SGBgFDegWUeEUEyDsVaSFd6ImeJdouZ3NmjUrFzaKY-ZtvtYL-Q1vxjdtsd1CNsE29ZwOmKIqke9EMEnjOpUkndFCF59kgAhvDGlvBZ7IKwBj0j4Huiwy7yfbfx6Ye-_XmJYw=w394-h224" width="394" /></a></div><br />2 March 1960: The Radiation Working Party, an
interdepartmental committee set up to coordinate TEMPEST testing of Canadian
government communications installations by CBNRC, holds its first meeting. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3 March 1997: Claude Bisson, the first CSE Commissioner,
submits his first classified report to the Minister of National Defence. (The
report looks at "<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">certain CSE
activities in support of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.")</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">4 March 1944: A memo
for Prime Minister King explains that SIGINT collaboration among the US, UK and
Canada is "</span>much closer than during the last war." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">5 March 1946: The BRUSA, later renamed UKUSA, Agreement is signed
by the UK and US. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were not signatories but
did agree to abide by its provisions and were accepted as partners. (Canada was
even cited by name.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6 March 1951: The Senior Committee begins discussion of paper
SC/12, "Expansion of CB", which proposes a staff increase of 222
"to cope with a large-scale extension of CB's SIGINT responsibilities,
bringing the approved establishment to 449." The plan was approved later
that month. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7 March 1947: The US Communications Intelligence Board
discusses the "proposed U.S.-Canadian Communication Intelligence
Agreement". The US Navy considers an agreement "absolutely
necessary"; other agencies are not opposed to one. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">8 March 2019: CSE publishes a description of its
"Equities Management Framework", the process by which it decides
whether to publicize software vulnerabilities so they can be fixed or to remain
silent so they can be exploited for spying or other purposes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">9 March 2005: Defence Minister Bill Graham signs the first
Ministerial Directive on use of metadata by CSE. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">10 March 1954: NSA proposes to the US COMINT Board that
codeword Far East Special Weather Intelligence be made available to Canada
under the regular procedures already established for access to other types of
COMINT codeword material. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">11 March 1946: MI6 head Stewart Menzies reports the results
of the recent Commonwealth SIGINT conference, noting that the provisions of the
BRUSA Agreement had been explained to the Dominions "in so far as they
were affected" and "had been accepted by them." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">12 March 1988: A sea-going Cryptologic Direct Support
Element is established at 770 Communications Research Squadron, Gander. "Prior
to this, ad hoc groups were employed on an 'as required' basis." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">13 March 1944: Canadian, US, UK and Australian cryptologic
personnel meet for the <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2016/10/canadian-participants-at-second-jac.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">2nd Japanese Army Cypher conference</a> at Arlington Hall
Station.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgT1kVUlnQRVq5cWnT2nvlIgTY8BugyH9sZWEhLpa_y8YvtXDHifUUCcHpeirAx4Q83yH1EQr4LKYOmuQMaup75IMTqLXhe-H0vTdTeJ6k6Bgbk3kdTzzbUIMOW4yrg1UhJryal7VJoxeWBq2CsJ-Gg9Z_s22hWFrgRzdDbbp-yBVdxtzhfMg=s1600" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1238" data-original-width="1600" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgT1kVUlnQRVq5cWnT2nvlIgTY8BugyH9sZWEhLpa_y8YvtXDHifUUCcHpeirAx4Q83yH1EQr4LKYOmuQMaup75IMTqLXhe-H0vTdTeJ6k6Bgbk3kdTzzbUIMOW4yrg1UhJryal7VJoxeWBq2CsJ-Gg9Z_s22hWFrgRzdDbbp-yBVdxtzhfMg=w392-h304" width="392" /></a></div><br />14 March 1960: Canada and the NATO Supreme Headquarters
Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) agree that "if the Canadian Army were to
earmark a small "Y" unit for use in wartime under SHAPE", SHAPE
would seek "the early admission of Canada to participation in planning for
tactical "Y" and related SIGINT services". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">15 March 2004: A Ministerial Directive is issued instructing CSE to
"establish a [redacted] Program," possibly the beginning of the
EONBLUE program. More on EONBLUE <a href="https://christopher-parsons.com/Main/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/cascade-2011-2.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">16 March 1984: Former Solicitor General Allan Lawrence, at
that time one of the few ministers ever to visit CSE, warns in a speech to
parliament that "There is a terrible potential for abuse in the CSE and
its allied and international agencies in other countries." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">17 March 1960: A CBNRC memo recommends that the Director of Communications
Security, the External Affairs officer in charge of SIGINT policy, succeed the
directors of military and naval intelligence as Executive Agent for arrangements
with SHAPE and SACLANT. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">18 March 2015: CSE states, "There is no information in
corporate records to suggest that Second Parties have ever requested that CSE
un-minimize shared [word(s) redacted] metadata." ("Minimize" means
to remove Canadian identity information.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">19 March 2015: CSE Commissioner Jean-Pierre Plouffe reports to
the Defence Minister that his review of CF Cyber Support Detachments was
delayed by a six-month refusal to cooperate that ended only when the
Commissioner "exercised his [statutory] authority". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">20 March 1953: A CANUKUS Conference addressing "lesser"
matters such as "SACLANT, Wartime Collaboration and Counter-Clandestine
SIGINT" begins in Washington, following an earlier US/UK-only conference.
(Discussed <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2020/12/canukus-planning-conference-March -1953.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJHl86PR5KgJfnL311hwVA5kfPKmc2-cYwqSM5Z4Wzvwn1s1dNRaDKAnQr7JbkLGCqrr4XTVTsFVfVo1gPZyRVh40IxfwV2L8_HEQxp0tvew7hw9cVgQjCxJOthNzt-lMZuh-4602B_lPhtZWyX54P8IBPMvYnJHKIxQapdh5DpIhymssRSg=s3022" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2409" data-original-width="3022" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJHl86PR5KgJfnL311hwVA5kfPKmc2-cYwqSM5Z4Wzvwn1s1dNRaDKAnQr7JbkLGCqrr4XTVTsFVfVo1gPZyRVh40IxfwV2L8_HEQxp0tvew7hw9cVgQjCxJOthNzt-lMZuh-4602B_lPhtZWyX54P8IBPMvYnJHKIxQapdh5DpIhymssRSg=w393-h313" width="393" /></a></div><br />21 March 2017: CSE Commissioner Plouffe calls for much greater
transparency by CSE: "There is all kinds of information that could be
released. It could be statistics. It could be all kinds of things." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">22 March 1995: The Chrétien government announces that it supports,
in principle, the creation of "an oversight mechanism for the CSE".
The first CSE Commissioner was appointed to review the agency in 1996. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">23 March 2004: In the agency's second major post-9/11 boost,
CSE’s budget is increased by 25% and its authorized number of employees is
increased by 25%, from about 1300 to about 1650. (CSE now has as many as 3000 employees.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">24 March 1975: Minister of State for Science and Technology
Bud Drury admits that CBNRC's budget estimates are hidden among those of a number
of departments for reasons of security. MPs are not pleased. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">25 March 2015: The National Defence committee reports that
it "has examined the qualifications and competence of Greta Bossenmaier to
[hold] the position of chief of the Communications Security Establishment and
finds her competent". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">26 March 1975: Pierre Trudeau reveals that "the
Department of National Defence is the main user of the kind of intelligence
which might be gathered by [CSE]." CSE comments, "Luckily, neither
the Commons nor the media pursued the matter much further at this time." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">27 March 1941: NRC Acting President C.J. Mackenzie
recommends creation of a cryptographic bureau (Project G-1003). The NRC
Examination Unit (XU), Canada's first cryptanalytic agency, began operations in
June 1941. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">28 March 1946: The Chiefs of Staff Committee approves
continuation of Service intercept stations in peacetime, authorizing "a
complement of 450 operating staff, to be divided between Navy, Army and Air
Force on the basis of 180, 200, and 70 respectively." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">29 March 1946: The senior interdepartmental SIGINT group
proposes creation of the Communications Research Centre (later called CBNRC) "for
Y policy, discrimination and traffic analysis, cryptanalysis, code and cipher
making, and cipher security". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">30 March 1953: A memo by External Affairs officer George
Glazebrook on the "Organization of Intelligence and Security" identifies
three principal weaknesses in Canadian intelligence, the first of which is
inadequate resourcing of SIGINT. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">31 March 1954: The US accepts Canada's request that the
CANUSA Agreement and any specific references to it be treated as TOP SECRET codeword
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</span></p><p class="MsoNormal">1 April 1975: The Communications Branch of the National
Research Council (CBNRC) is transferred to the Department of National Defence
and renamed the Communications Security Establishment. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2 April 1942: To expedite decryption, External Affairs arranges
with the Chief Postal Censor to have copies of "communications in code and
cypher to and from the [Vichy] French Legation" sent direct to the
Examination Unit. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3 April 2013: An NSA memo on the agency's intelligence relationship
with CSE reports that “NSA has a close, cooperative relationship with [CSE]
that both sides would like to see expanded and strengthened.”</p><p class="MsoNormal">4 April 1997: Its conversion to remote operations complete, Canadian
Forces Station Masset is stood down as a separate station and re-established as
CFS Leitrim Detachment Masset.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiolW4ZDcyuKUowWhXRydJjK698IuHgSR8bu6w6oBNZtUWMJVejdUQVuNbzEOqLbY20J3jLnBcMc2VrSDnF9XDCAUqN3QiudS3BMIA9LBIaZk3PwNl4dMpzkV8ro2FxODkmiJHrzDqKy7FbLWY30-qT-F1d1dx25RJKR8s55ESq5slS3G-MaQ=s1280" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="1280" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiolW4ZDcyuKUowWhXRydJjK698IuHgSR8bu6w6oBNZtUWMJVejdUQVuNbzEOqLbY20J3jLnBcMc2VrSDnF9XDCAUqN3QiudS3BMIA9LBIaZk3PwNl4dMpzkV8ro2FxODkmiJHrzDqKy7FbLWY30-qT-F1d1dx25RJKR8s55ESq5slS3G-MaQ=w393-h263" width="393" /></a></div><br />5 April 2012: CSE is exempted from the government-wide requirement
to produce quarterly public financial reports. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6 April 1942: A CANUKUS radio intelligence conference begins
in Washington: "From the point of view of later US authorities, this
conference represented the beginning of SIGINT collaboration with Canada, as an
'adjunct' of US-British collaboration." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7 April 1949: The Communications Research Committee (which
ran Canadian SIGINT policy) agrees to send the draft CANUSA Agreement to the
London Signals Intelligence Board for comments prior to finalization of the
agreement. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">8 April 1975: MP
Joe Clark asks whether CBNRC/CSE has been "monitor[ing] in any way
whatsoever long distance telephone calls placed in Canada to points in Canada
or abroad. </span>A simple yes or no would be fine, and I would prefer not to
have both.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">" Minister Bud Drury
replies: "Mr. Speaker, I would make that, on choice, a simple no." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">9 April 2014: CSE memo states, "While under no legal
obligation to do so, the Five-Eyes partners have agreed, as a matter of policy,
to take measures to protect information relating to each other's
nationals" <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">10 April 2019: CSE Chief Shelly Bruce testifies, "CSE
has been under review since 1996... . I believe that, as an organization, we
have come to appreciate just how much better that makes us as an
organization." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">11 April 2005: CSE Chief Keith Coulter testifies on CSE
priorities: "Currently, we are highly focused on the security dimension.
More than 80 per cent of our efforts are related to security or support to
military operations." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">12 April 1988: An Interdepartmental Committee on Security and
Intelligence report states, "While NSA and GCHQ have a number of third
party relationships..., CSE's involvement with third parties has been limited
to joint CANUKUS initiatives in support of shared NATO commitments." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">13 April 1946: Ministers St Laurent, Howe and Abbott propose
the creation of a post-war Canadian SIGINT organization, with 179 positions,
through Order-in-Council P.C. 54/3535. (The order itself
is dated 21 August 1946.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">14 April 1951:
Final day of the CANUSA Technical Conference on expansion of COMINT during
wartime, which drafted "tediously detailed" Annexures to Appendix C (Emergency
Planning) and Appendix G (Combined Communications). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">15 April 1951: The first edition of the Canadian COMINT
Security Regulations, modeled on the UK equivalent but "in a less
voluminous form", is approved. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">16 April 1987: The Intelligence Advisory Committee asks CSE
and External Affairs to check whether the US and Australia are withholding certain
Japan-related intelligence and agrees that Canada "should be chary in
sharing economic assessments with the Allies in future, especially when related
to Japan." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">17 April 1985: The Department of National Defence announces that
the intercept station at Inuvik, NWT, will be closed in 1986.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhcc7SmW-yUEav_vFQIJChgRvVujomzk-tyNqbVuUeTlx2P-xrTOsVuFfRGkqNVYSKghaeiBsXSY6wo_zvO53ui2sgo6rnfS0vTxNiZVJ_LVKBiQcn0CAjOn-PAEAQPb_CV10nT_ibLHQuW8GIL2uBmiZZeT1M5Dxkkwh8jTUynKDiaTbdXDg=s1064" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="965" data-original-width="1064" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhcc7SmW-yUEav_vFQIJChgRvVujomzk-tyNqbVuUeTlx2P-xrTOsVuFfRGkqNVYSKghaeiBsXSY6wo_zvO53ui2sgo6rnfS0vTxNiZVJ_LVKBiQcn0CAjOn-PAEAQPb_CV10nT_ibLHQuW8GIL2uBmiZZeT1M5Dxkkwh8jTUynKDiaTbdXDg=w391-h354" width="391" /></a></div><br />18 April 1957: An exchange of letters is initiated with the
US and UK "on the provision of what was called Indications Intelligence,"
culminating in the Tripartite Intelligence Alerts Agreement. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">19 April 1956: Undersecretary of State for External Affairs
Jules Leger, chair of the Communications Security Board, argues that "the
larger the Canadian effort on COMINT, the better placed Canada would be to
create independent intelligence assessments". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">20 April 1972: Memo to Cabinet reports that CBNRC is
conducting a survey to check the intelligence value of cross-border communications
carried by the Canadian Overseas Telecommunications Corporation. (This may have been the activity Joe Clark asked questions about on 8 April 1975.)<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgTmEjii39jqZdhlaDRLMmjq2MlXPiAlaT-XRSbrbkCa0_g49KCplRPL91GD79W1GDS6lCv748MPM_hC8Ax8j_KJBljl4NFPYgDQrjJQXt5LAouSTlLEOsp8J3TzNNft2SjrLz-XGRKSwtDiEK66QwjP3_AfUsz84HLUJ5VWEnFxjnuGBoeTw=s1050" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="823" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgTmEjii39jqZdhlaDRLMmjq2MlXPiAlaT-XRSbrbkCa0_g49KCplRPL91GD79W1GDS6lCv748MPM_hC8Ax8j_KJBljl4NFPYgDQrjJQXt5LAouSTlLEOsp8J3TzNNft2SjrLz-XGRKSwtDiEK66QwjP3_AfUsz84HLUJ5VWEnFxjnuGBoeTw=w389-h496" width="389" /></a></div><br />21 April 1947: The first meeting of the Technical Steering
Group takes place. Set up to deal with equipment issues related to intercept
stations, the committee has members from CBNRC and the three armed services. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">22 April 1998: Telesat Canada receives a contract to quadruple
the capacity of the High Arctic Data Communications System, which connects the
intercept station at Alert with processing personnel at Leitrim and,
ultimately, CSE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjSp3Ve323mjYfK9pawRFCMjixp7y6ZNqvgLqpR4yMPOIYBRmKNY7HbQrZrmvDlRhaiLpWbEB_kBdQ06l63gjgsjfJtWujfnggzIWxvQcJOiKCCleDzRyUrWGr1Da5deVXZrB9D-57cKhgObOnEmGpTR8accy0whrkg1z69fwc4XJIsKhyQwg=s4212" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2808" data-original-width="4212" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjSp3Ve323mjYfK9pawRFCMjixp7y6ZNqvgLqpR4yMPOIYBRmKNY7HbQrZrmvDlRhaiLpWbEB_kBdQ06l63gjgsjfJtWujfnggzIWxvQcJOiKCCleDzRyUrWGr1Da5deVXZrB9D-57cKhgObOnEmGpTR8accy0whrkg1z69fwc4XJIsKhyQwg=w390-h259" width="390" /></a></div><br />23 April 2015: Bill C-44 receives Royal Assent, re-opening
the way for CSE to call on the assistance of Five Eyes allies to help CSIS
monitor Canadian targets traveling abroad. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">24 April 1997: The first Annual Report of the Communications
Security Establishment Commissioner is released. The first CSE Commissioner was
Claude Bisson, who was appointed in 1996 to provide outside review of the
activities of CSE. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">25 April 2014: CSE briefing on DNI Metadata Sharing
Discrepancies states, "it is not possible to determine whether [redacted
foreign partner] has forwarded any selection criteria that were directed at
Canadians or persons in Canada, and if CSE has forwarded any data in
response." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">26 April 1954: Howie M. Harris replaces T. Jaffray Wilkins
as Communications Branch Senior Liaison Officer (CBSLO) at NSA. Harris was
previously the head of R1, the section of CBNRC's Reporting Group responsible
for naval intelligence. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">27 April 2004: The Martin government's "Securing an
Open Society: Canada’s National Security Policy" promises that Canadian
"intelligence collection and assessment capabilities will be
increased." CSE receives approval to grow by 25% around the same time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">28 April 1986: CSE and NSA conclude an umbrella memorandum
of understanding establishing a "cooperative program on joint information
security endeavours". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">29 April 1980: CSE's "<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Strategic Overview" of its COMSEC program proposes that Canada buy
secure telephones: "</span>Efforts to educate users to the dangers
inherent in the use of unprotected telephones for classified conversations are
known to have been largely unsuccessful.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">"
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">30 April 2007: CSE Chief John Adams tells members of
parliament, "The volume and type of communications is literally
endless.... Our vision is security through information superiority. We want to
master the Internet."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1 May 2014: The Globe and Mail<i> </i>reports that NSA
Director Michael Hayden "envied his Canadian counterparts for a singular
advantage they held on him – their ability to push through secret surveillance
programs without generating any pushback from politicians or judges." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2 May 1941: US General Joseph Mauborgne suggests that Canada
hire Herbert O. Yardley to head its new codebreaking agency, the Examination
Unit (XU). Later, however, the US and UK both refuse to work with the XU until
Yardley is removed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhLpVZj5wz4TuCrvKM4mzec3Y138L2tMVB6w8Rblx4aop65ocu-rZ46l1Pyn-IeXk-WCL6NnCc19SApIn-BhoGwJJH4RloqK6SOH4bBqwaGHSbVwuxq_jGZSPQ2Bi9t_0Nxvivx5eXTkzDBJj-HkUR2YLNorYyhAtZIopgNwV0MnD8a_t671w=s640" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="480" height="523" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhLpVZj5wz4TuCrvKM4mzec3Y138L2tMVB6w8Rblx4aop65ocu-rZ46l1Pyn-IeXk-WCL6NnCc19SApIn-BhoGwJJH4RloqK6SOH4bBqwaGHSbVwuxq_jGZSPQ2Bi9t_0Nxvivx5eXTkzDBJj-HkUR2YLNorYyhAtZIopgNwV0MnD8a_t671w=w392-h523" width="392" /></a></div><br />3 May 2005: The Reserve Communicator Research (R291) military
occupation is created to complement and augment Regular Force operations in
tactical electronic warfare, strategic signals intelligence and linguistic
support. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">4 May 2005: CSE Chief Keith Coulter testifies, "over
75% of our business is in the security domain, and that's a little broader than
terrorism. That's proliferation... It is counter-intelligence... It's
cyber-threats... And these days it is hugely a support to military
operations" <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">5 May 1942: The first meeting of the Canadian "Y
Committee", established by the army, navy, air force and External Affairs to
co-ordinate Canadian intercept operations, takes place. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6 May 2008: CSE's Deputy Chief ITS Peter Laneville lays out
the basic tenets of information superiority as Exploitation, Defence, and
Offence, arguing that we "Need to master all three". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7 May 1998: Former intercept operator Rudi Saueracker describes
his work to the National Defence and Veterans Affairs committee: "I typed
for a living. I copied Morse code. I punched out traffic analysis reports. I
sent documentation via teletype to CSE". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">8 May 1938: The Minister of National Defence approves the
creation of a tri-service "Wireless Intelligence Service". This date
is considered the birth date of the Canadian Forces Supplementary Radio System, which later
became the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">9 May 2005: The Privacy Commissioner recommends that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National Defence Act</i> be amended to
require judicial rather than ministerial authorizations for CSE interception of
private communications. A "quasi-judicial" system was implemented in
2019. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">10 May 2018: Testifying to the Senate Banking, Trade and
Commerce Committee, CSE Deputy Chief IT Security Scott Jones asserts,
"certainly amongst my Five Eyes allies, we’re looked on with envy in terms
of the investments we’ve made and the progress we’ve made" <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">11 May 1950: The Communications Research Committee has "a
long and acrimonious discussion about CB's hiring procedures." Frequent
hires from the UK had led to angry complaints that CBNRC stood for
"Communications Branch - No Room for Canadians". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">12 May 1949: Invited to comment on the draft Canada–US CANUSA
communications intelligence agreement, the London Signal Intelligence Board decides
that "there were no points in the draft on which it wished to
remark". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">13 May 1941: The Interdepartmental Committee on Cryptography
approves six-month trial operation of Canada's first dedicated codebreaking
organization, the Examination Unit (XU), under the direction of Herbert Yardley.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">14 May 2009: CSE announces plans to construct a new
$880-million headquarters complex, later named the Edward Drake Building, next
to CSIS HQ. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhVKZ4pgAvJhGPhpWsg2jss9VYxNPhbkxaBYjW7wtRuiUB9PjxbwcrBFm-BlzTb-ioo6FPwgtcIYf1RPIj6WA2aLaiJkbzr9ipqtza6pQt_bUNR-Mu4gWx5ouPt7y53AAONAy8iJLfvdNei8Ljoodmzwmpkp5B10qU7-yfvfyaYCRvZmuzdAA=s300" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="191" data-original-width="300" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhVKZ4pgAvJhGPhpWsg2jss9VYxNPhbkxaBYjW7wtRuiUB9PjxbwcrBFm-BlzTb-ioo6FPwgtcIYf1RPIj6WA2aLaiJkbzr9ipqtza6pQt_bUNR-Mu4gWx5ouPt7y53AAONAy8iJLfvdNei8Ljoodmzwmpkp5B10qU7-yfvfyaYCRvZmuzdAA=w391-h249" width="391" /></a></div><br />15 May 1952: The US begins sending CBNRC copies of
intercepted Soviet Far East plain language and low-grade cipher traffic. (North-east
Siberia was one of the areas CBNRC worked on at the time.) Before this date the
copies had been provided to GCHQ. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">16 May 1972: Cabinet limits FY73/74 funding for the Canadian
Intelligence Program to its existing level, preventing CSE's experimental cable-monitoring
program in Montreal from going fully operational. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">17 May 1945: Gilbert Robinson visits Washington to discuss
the future of the Examination Unit. "These discussions included the
setting of Canadian signals intelligence collection targets, including
targeting communications in France and Northern China." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">18 May 1956: SHAPE turns down Canada's application for
admission to NATO "Y" planning, writing that, "while Canadian
participation was greatly to be desired, Canada could not be permitted to
participate in 'Y' planning without contributing a 'Y' unit." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">19 May 2005: The CSE Commissioner’s annual report comments,
"For jurists who are accustomed to dealing with warrants issued by judges,
a foreign intelligence MA [a Ministerial Authorization enabling CSE to
intercept private communications] is a strange sort of creature." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">20 May 1976: Deputy Minister of National Defence C.R.
("Buzz") Nixon confirms to MPs that National Defence "is the
major user of Communications Security Establishment services." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">21 May 1993: CSE contracts with Centre de Recherche
Informatique de Montréal to develop "a noise-robust,
vocabulary-independent topic spotting system" to assist in processing the growing
volume of voice communications. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">22 May 2008: Defence Minister Peter MacKay announces
approval of the Mid-Term Accommodation Project, designed to house CSE's
high-performance computers. The MTAP is later incorporated into the agency's
new headquarters building as Pod 1. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">23 May 1941: External Affairs officer Thomas Stone writes to
the RCMP Commissioner to confirm tentative plans for creation of the
Examination Unit, including assignment of Constable Robert S. McLaren to the
unit. McLaren spent the rest of his career in SIGINT, retiring around 1970. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">24 May 1955: CBNRC's communications security (COMSEC) role is
expanded from the security of ciphers to include transmission security and the
physical security of classified communications equipment and material. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">25 May 1959: A SIGINT Cell designated the Canadian
Communications Centre is established at Canadian Air Division, Metz, to provide
Category III COMINT to RCAF units in Europe. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">26 May 2010: Deputy Chief SIGINT Shelly Bruce comments on
post-9/11 challenges: "the combination of the Internet revolution and the
security agenda together comprised the biggest challenge ever faced by the
SIGINT world". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">27 May 1991: Former Solicitor-General Bob Kaplan tells the Globe
and Mail that "the CSE's technology and its arrangements with allied
signals-intelligence organizations have outstripped the ability of Canadian
laws to protect citizens from the CSE's intrusive technology." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">28 May 2001: CSE Commissioner Claude Bisson reports that CSE
defined a new vision for itself during the year 2000: "to be the agency
that masters the global information network to enhance Canada’s safety and
prosperity". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">29 May 1943: The XU Committee approves the hiring of Sonia
Morawetz to work on French communications. The XU's final director, Gilbert
Robinson, later recommended that Morawetz run the French cryptanalysis section
in the post-war organization, but she did not stay on after the war. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">30 May 1966: The Supplementary Radio Activities
Consolidation Plan, designed to improve Canadian intercept stations' access to
low-echelon circuits and address the "rapidly increasing volume" of
target signals, is presented to the Defence Council. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">31 May 1988: Options listed in a Privy Council foreign
intelligence review include participation in the ECHELON satellite monitoring program
in order to yield more Canada-specific information while contributing to the allied
SIGINT effort. Canada does join the program. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1 June 1998: CSE Commissioner Claude Bisson affirms that
assurances that CSE does not target Canadians apply equally to people in
Quebec: "CSE does not target Quebec communications, or the Quebec
sovereignty movement, and it does not have a 'French section.'" <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2 June 1947: External Affairs asks the US for a copy of the
BRUSA (later renamed UKUSA) Agreement, stating that Canada "had never
officially received a copy..., though they were aware of the clauses concerning
Canada." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3 June 1991: The Globe and Mail quotes Jean-Jacques Blais:
"My knowledge of [CSE] was very superficial indeed when I was minister of
defence." Blais also "doubts whether subsequent ministers of defence
have been better informed". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">4 June 1987: The Privy Council Office notes that "CSE
has a number of policy aspirations largely relating to certain overseas
operations [i.e. intercept sites in embassies] and the use of Section 16 of the
CSIS Act which would require further diversion of Defence resources..." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">5 June 1989: The CF Supplementary Radio System and CSE
establish a detachment at the large US Army SIGINT site at Augsburg, West
Germany. The end of the Cold War led to the closing of the detachment in 1993. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6 June 1944: Allied troops land in Normandy. Earlier, the
Examination Unit had been "horrified" when they decrypted a
diplomatic message that indicated Norman Robertson had let slip the date and
location of the invasion at a cocktail party.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7 June 1948: The USAF seeks to limit information exchange under
the proposed CANUSA Agreement: "Not only is it considered that the
Canadians will reap all the benefits of complete exchange but the wider dissemination
of the information could jeopardize the security of the information." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">8 June 2016: Privacy Commissioner Daniel Therrien warns
Canadians that when CSE and the Defence Minister say "'Don’t worry, the
risk is low,' in part because 'it's only metadata, it's not content' – take
that with a big grain of salt." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">9 June 1941: Canada's original cryptanalytic agency, the
National Research Council's "Examination Unit" (XU), begins
operations, using two rooms at the NRC Montreal Road campus.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghC7389Ww368uws65Jw4uutqUPs3ePAZ1eZuJ-dyhs3Mj4XDoASikJdyKQnfic2iemIqozjYGHcFKy0vl4ek4SMEZVbhH_AUz0umN_QWNLyn4GwlYT0LnptthAyM-ZBwMPK-NMnznOd_Vd5PcBAdQ8LWZuH5WWHVHISa0fhAOppFQdmJsfMQ=s1327" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="893" data-original-width="1327" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghC7389Ww368uws65Jw4uutqUPs3ePAZ1eZuJ-dyhs3Mj4XDoASikJdyKQnfic2iemIqozjYGHcFKy0vl4ek4SMEZVbhH_AUz0umN_QWNLyn4GwlYT0LnptthAyM-ZBwMPK-NMnznOd_Vd5PcBAdQ8LWZuH5WWHVHISa0fhAOppFQdmJsfMQ=w390-h262" width="390" /></a></div><br />10 June 2009: CSE members of the Public Service Alliance of
Canada picket outside the CSE buildings to protest plans to privatize as many
as 130 jobs once the agency's new headquarters complex is constructed.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">11 June 2007: Former CSE Deputy Chief SIGINT Bob Brûlé
testifies, "organizations such as the CSE desperately require a [human] foreign
intelligence service for them to continue to be successful in the future."
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">12 June 1942: The Canadian Army Discrimination Unit (DU) is
established. "This Unit started discriminating and doing traffic analysis
(T/A) on Japanese military and air traffic in the same building as the [Examination
Unit]". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">13 June 2016: CSE and CSIS sign a memorandum of
understanding on CSE assistance to CSIS threat reduction activities. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">14 June 1956: The RCAF establishes a one-hut experimental
intercept site at Alert on Ellesmere Island. The station was enlarged and made
permanent in 1958 and continues to operate today. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">15 June 1954: The CBNRC representatives at NSA and GCHQ, then
known as CBSLOs (Communications Branch Senior Liaison Officer), are renamed CANSLOs
(Canadian Senior Liaison Officer). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">16 June 1941: The Examination Unit begins receiving
encrypted material for solution. The first intercepts received (and decrypted) are
messages from Brazil-based Abwehr spy Friedrich Kempter.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">17 June 1957: Start of the Tripartite Arctic Conference, at
which the US, UK and Canada agree to assign CBNRC "the main responsibility
for SIGINT production concerning the Soviet Arctic." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">18 June 1985: According to James Bartleman, SIGINT from CSE
warns of a threat to Air India five days before flight 182 is destroyed by a
bomb, killing 329 passengers and crew. CSE officials later deny there was ever
such a report. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">19 June 1996: Defence Minister David Collenette announces that the
government has appointed Claude Bisson, former chief justice of Quebec, as the first
CSE Commissioner, mandated to review the agency's compliance with the law.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">20 June 1946: The Communications Research Committee, the
interdepartmental body responsible for Canadian post-war SIGINT policy, holds
its first meeting. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">21 June 2019: Bill C-59, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National Security Act 2017</i>, receives Royal Assent. Included in the
bill is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Communications Security
Establishment Act</i>, which updates the agency's statutory mandate and grants it
the power to conduct computer network attack operations. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">22 June 2006: CSE Commissioner Antonio Lamer reports,
"My one regret will be if I leave this position without a resolution of
the legal interpretation issues that have bedevilled this office since December
2001." (It took until 21 June 2019.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">23 June 2003: CSE and the other Five Eyes SIGINT agencies
agree on a Five Eyes SIGINT Partnership Business Vision and statement of
principles for the Five Eyes SIGINT Enterprise at the Palliser Conference, held
in Calgary.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">24 June 1953: The Communications Operations Policy
Committee, chaired by the Director of Communications Security (the External
Affairs officer in charge of SIGINT policy), is established to oversee the
provision and staffing of intercept facilities. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">25 June 1944: Prime Minister Mackenzie King receives a copy
of a telegram from Japanese PM Tojo to Hitler with a note that "It was
intercepted and decyphered by our Examination Unit." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">26 June 2017: Five Eyes Interior Ministers, Immigration
Ministers, and Attorneys General declare, "Our five country partnership,
founded after the Second World War and strengthened during the Cold War, is
more relevant today than ever." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">27 June 2018: Associate Chief Shelly Bruce is appointed
Chief of CSE. Bruce is the 10th Chief, and the first appointed from within the
organization since Stewart Woolner, who was Chief from 1989 to 1999. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">28 June 2000: The former CBC headquarters building at 1500
Bronson, bought by CSE to help house its growing staff, is renamed the Edward
Drake Building after the agency's first Director. In 2015 the name was reused
at CSE's new headquarters complex. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">29 June 1949: The Chairman of the US
Communications Intelligence Board, Major General Charles Cabell, sends a letter to the
Chairman of the Communications Research Committee, Bill Crean, finalizing the
<a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2017/04/canusa-agreement-declassified.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">CANUSA Agreement</a> on COMINT cooperation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">30 June 1946: The Joint Discrimination Unit formally lapses,
"with the JDU staff and individual members of the old Examination Unit
assimilated into the [Communications Research Centre, the new organization that became CBNRC in September 1946]
over the summer." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">1 July 1989: Stewart Woolner becomes Chief of CSE, replacing
Peter Hunt. Woolner was the 4th Chief of the agency, and the last to be drawn
from within its ranks until the appointment of Shelly Bruce, the 10th Chief, in
June 2018. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAY2B6sf737uqvlkMDFPxAZXrz3G319QNZ1TtwJh--4m9Rriax05kqdyB-61OG0-PAylk8E0o3hhfPBzyyycizQNX4JhDOTWlFrCOE65WO0EK0_Sa5VcvYxdwAsIpXC9OTUilAN2bQgHDSz7EENvzhxJlSLrX_C_1AUUUyAR4EjhnWiEbTUg=s348" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="310" height="441" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAY2B6sf737uqvlkMDFPxAZXrz3G319QNZ1TtwJh--4m9Rriax05kqdyB-61OG0-PAylk8E0o3hhfPBzyyycizQNX4JhDOTWlFrCOE65WO0EK0_Sa5VcvYxdwAsIpXC9OTUilAN2bQgHDSz7EENvzhxJlSLrX_C_1AUUUyAR4EjhnWiEbTUg=w393-h441" width="393" /></a></div><br />2 July 2015: CSE denies that its website was hit by a
cyberattack, describing it as "functional and accessible all day".
According to a CTV source, a hacker had gone after "a 'dead end' web
address that the CSE owns but does not use". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3 July 1963: The RCN begins direction-finding operations at
Naval Radio Station Bermuda. The station is especially useful for locating
Soviet ballistic missile submarines operating off the east coast of North
America.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhU3jI2v3_Cfg6wcgFao1rB3DA3qP1iB2R-id1oZSSKAJgXlQb2UQWUDErQz7ugdO56HnCGHUe6X_rlW3He9F5k3JTJtmjUfriCXJD9ixSZLb7KBtDm_4USKIxhssxK3ICk9YHYgsIW7GZ6O4eOHhn-JJ7yIU5RRF93JCET4H0vJqpHMr89CA=s1724" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1224" data-original-width="1724" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhU3jI2v3_Cfg6wcgFao1rB3DA3qP1iB2R-id1oZSSKAJgXlQb2UQWUDErQz7ugdO56HnCGHUe6X_rlW3He9F5k3JTJtmjUfriCXJD9ixSZLb7KBtDm_4USKIxhssxK3ICk9YHYgsIW7GZ6O4eOHhn-JJ7yIU5RRF93JCET4H0vJqpHMr89CA=w392-h278" width="392" /></a></div><br />4 July 1993: Canadian Forces Station Bermuda ceases
operations. The radio direction-finding site was primarily used to monitor Cold
War-era Soviet air and sea activities off the east coast of North America. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">5 July 2014: A Washington Post study of roughly 170,000 e-mails,
instant messages and documents acquired by NSA from on-line accounts finds many
cases of "incidental collection" related to Five Eyes countries, including
more than 19,000 Canadian identifiers. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6 July 1977: The McDonald Commission is created to examine
wrongdoing by the RCMP. The Commission recommends creation of a parliamentary
committee and a watchdog body to monitor all security and intelligence agencies,
including CSE, but neither idea is accepted at that time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7 July 1949: CRC/105 "Review of Canadian Peacetime
SIGINT Effort" reports that Canada's intercept program is based on three
factors: integration with the US effort, meeting the needs of CBNRC
cryptanalytic tasks, and training of intercept operators. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">8 July 1942: The RCN reports it is increasing interception
of French diplomatic and colonial traffic in the Far East by "dispensing
with some unnecessary duplication in the interception of commercial
traffic." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">9 July 1944: The US Army's Signal Security Agency complains to
GC&CS about plans to send a Canadian Special Wireless Group to India:
"this will reduce effectiveness of Canadian coverage & US will have to
back them up to a greater extent." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">10 July 1970: External Affairs asserts re SIGINT, "The
fact that Canada ... is largely privy to what the USA regards as one of its own
key sources of information is an important factor in the degree of frankness
which U.S. officials feel they can or must adopt with us".</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">11 July 1946: The Communications Research Committee approves
"a paper saying that the Intelligence Section of CBNRC was to 'provide'
Signals Intelligence, but the Directors of Intelligence were to 'evaluate'
it." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">12 July 1999: Ian Glen becomes Chief of CSE, replacing Stewart
Woolner. Glen was the first Chief drawn from outside the ranks of the agency or
its predecessors. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgfd9ThtWuiLD_5DPr7RLupkcjD3ifaeVh1GN7w81hKcDoeI5mw4yIBf4V8_ZOrWeDmhiWbYirFNm3bHl4TMsuRZs3UCFuKkkmv6xd_BBDfhtWEbEU5qDO_kyooj6WKIboH14aUJ1_y5rcHZRuCmlBMwQ02slmKFg7qFoDHuIhUIx6Zvv42Tg=s346" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="300" height="453" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgfd9ThtWuiLD_5DPr7RLupkcjD3ifaeVh1GN7w81hKcDoeI5mw4yIBf4V8_ZOrWeDmhiWbYirFNm3bHl4TMsuRZs3UCFuKkkmv6xd_BBDfhtWEbEU5qDO_kyooj6WKIboH14aUJ1_y5rcHZRuCmlBMwQ02slmKFg7qFoDHuIhUIx6Zvv42Tg=w392-h453" width="392" /></a></div><br /><p></p>13 July 1999: CNEWS reports that CSE representatives at a
recent Ottawa security technology fair "got desperate and passed out free
beer, with their own temporary CSE label stuck on it, something that happens to
be totally illegal under Ontario liquor laws." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>
<p class="MsoNormal">14 July 1943: The Examination Unit Committee agrees to suggest
that GC&CS move its Japanese Military Section to Canada. (The UK politely declines.)
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">15 July 1994: The CSE badge is approved by the Canadian
Heraldic Authority.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWVJzWSBAWBzRuymz-WK--DFTLN1KQ3d-x_NQ3JLObnnrjaa_jshfz1sfKdpk7opBnp2B1mK3g2d4biPSTQcBQ6F6FdJsmh7NF6xwtJpMU2HOUlHNVrZUOhpFdF555uYWbBLik0Vqz2X4HlP1liCalvOoTQ9MDmia22nWNwSEAwJGSpPxgtg=s700" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="490" height="561" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWVJzWSBAWBzRuymz-WK--DFTLN1KQ3d-x_NQ3JLObnnrjaa_jshfz1sfKdpk7opBnp2B1mK3g2d4biPSTQcBQ6F6FdJsmh7NF6xwtJpMU2HOUlHNVrZUOhpFdF555uYWbBLik0Vqz2X4HlP1liCalvOoTQ9MDmia22nWNwSEAwJGSpPxgtg=w393-h561" width="393" /></a></div><br />16 July 2020: CSE and its partners in the UK and US condemn "Russian
cyber threat activity directed at Canadian, United Kingdom and United States
organizations, including vaccine research entities, involved in COVID-19
response and recovery efforts." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">17 July 1995: CSE and the US National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) jointly announce establishment of the Cryptographic
Module Validation Program (CMVP). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">18 July 2007: The Harper government promises to address
legal concerns raised by successive CSE Commissioners by "bringing forward
proposed legislative amendments in due course." The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CSE Act</i> (part of Bill C-59) was finally introduced by the Trudeau government on 20
June 2017. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">19 July 1966: The Canadian Forces Supplementary Radio System
is created, merging the intercept stations and organizations of the Army, Navy,
and Air Force. In 1998 the CFSRS became the Canadian Forces Information
Operations Group. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">20 July 1955: The Joint Intelligence Committee decides to
seek Canadian participation in the joint NSA–GCHQ Naval Working Party and to ask
the US to provide access to raw SIGINT collected by Norway. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">21 July 2002: Former CSE analyst Allen Macartney asserts
that 1990s cutbacks hobbled intelligence agencies: "In some cases the
number of intelligence targets monitored ... increased after the Cold War,
despite drops in collection budgets and analyst numbers." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">22 July 2009: CSE Commissioner Charles Gonthier's 2008-09
report, released posthumously, declares that "the length of time that has
passed without producing amended [CSE] legislation puts at risk the integrity
of the review process."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">23 July 1952: Responding to a request from NSA-forerunner the
Armed Forces Security Agency to review its requirement for AFSA COMINT
publications, CBNRC provides a list of items sought by External Affairs extending
over 4 pages, plus an additional 1-page list of items sought by CBNRC. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">24 July 1942: Having reviewed Canada's radio intercept
program, Royal Navy Captain Humphrey R. Sandwith describes Canadian
"Y" capabilities as "in embryo. They need a great deal of advice
and assistance." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">25 July 1997: 770 Communications Research Squadron at CFB Gander
is stood down and re-established as CFS Leitrim Detachment Gander.</p><p class="MsoNormal">26 July 1945: The Examination Unit ends work on Free French
traffic: “By the time the last Free French message was read on July 26, 1945,
more than 6,500 decrypts had been solved.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">27 July 2015: A video released by "Anonymous"
claims CSE was caught by NSA attempting to spy on the US shortly after the 2011
election. The claim is later retracted, saying it was CSIS, not CSE, but no
evidence is ever provided for either claim. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">28 July 2013: Road work is completed to reroute Leitrim Road
around the Leitrim intercept station. The once-quiet country road formerly
passed directly through CFS Leitrim and was considered a security risk (and also
a good place to take photos).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiV6Oq1ZLbSxLdTmAH5tNiulhwWMuXXNcmh_lao2ROvG4IOEVDrzjJe3tMMUgbuXRiti8SAIbp2lZEjW5x22jIAcn1dD6QwGsTHzBlVCYoOEmLLTr4IF6PWWgckYr4fxapWdszHfF3zO5cfpNbHLajc5tFB_UdX2WvZFkTxbme5SOrsWl52gg=s1200" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiV6Oq1ZLbSxLdTmAH5tNiulhwWMuXXNcmh_lao2ROvG4IOEVDrzjJe3tMMUgbuXRiti8SAIbp2lZEjW5x22jIAcn1dD6QwGsTHzBlVCYoOEmLLTr4IF6PWWgckYr4fxapWdszHfF3zO5cfpNbHLajc5tFB_UdX2WvZFkTxbme5SOrsWl52gg=w392-h294" width="392" /></a></div><br />29 July 1996: The Privacy Commissioner reports on the
commission's first audit of CSE: "investigators... found no evidence to
support any allegations that CSE 'targets Canadians' or monitors their
communications." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">30 July 1962: Treasury Board calls for a 15% cut in CBNRC
staff, but the Intelligence Policy Committee manages to fend off the cuts,
arguing 80% of CB is "engaged on priority SIGINT tasks as agreed with the
US and UK in 1957, and the other 20% on COMSEC tasks vital to Canadian security".
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">31 July 1945: Gilbert deB Robinson writes of the Examination
Unit, "From practically nothing in 1941, Ottawa grew ... to the stature of
London and Washington in those two fields (French and Japanese) on which we
have worked." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1 August 1945: The Japanese section of the Examination Unit,
the Joint Machine Unit, and the Army and RCAF Discrimination Units are combined
into a single Joint Discrimination Unit under Lieutenant Colonel Ed Drake. The
JDU later evolves into the civilian CBNRC (CSE). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2 August 1971: The new intercept and direction-finding
station at Gander becomes operational, replacing the site at Coverdale, New
Brunswick. Like the new site at Masset, Gander features an enormous FRD-10
circularly disposed antenna array.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiFYqDiqY7FSIdmzATHd-rx5AO3IdVBk0-_TnfZP92qRwaFIzCTP8NoFhjLbclcwUxPxe9EngkXzzjosTl6urCeudtTgdMkq65136_HokgCURP-5ZLNNaT6xCDn5ozI_uMLPQL9-7LX4lBN00wJEloxU75a2AwHpN_s4Ic9ObCpN-_xlPMR0A=s1980" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1680" data-original-width="1980" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiFYqDiqY7FSIdmzATHd-rx5AO3IdVBk0-_TnfZP92qRwaFIzCTP8NoFhjLbclcwUxPxe9EngkXzzjosTl6urCeudtTgdMkq65136_HokgCURP-5ZLNNaT6xCDn5ozI_uMLPQL9-7LX4lBN00wJEloxU75a2AwHpN_s4Ic9ObCpN-_xlPMR0A=w394-h335" width="394" /></a></div><br />3 August 1950: The members of the Technical Steering Group
consider the question of unspent money for intercept equipment: "They solved this problem neatly by
concocting immediate expenditures of $197k, leaving $2,992 as a 'cushion'
balance for anything they might think of later." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">4 August 1954: Policy paper CSB/39 formalizes the position
of Director of Communications Security, always filled by an External Affairs
officer, as the locus of policy control over Canadian SIGINT activities. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">5 August 1941: Examination Unit Director Herbert Yardley
requests "some pressure be put on London" to send "via
bomber" copies of missing intercepts of German spy communications between
Hamburg and Rio that the XU is trying to decipher. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6 August 2015: The Chief of CSE and the Director of CSIS write
to National Security Advisor Richard Fadden proposing closer CSE–CSIS collaboration in four
areas, "ranging from high-level organizational cohesion to operational,
analytical and corporate initiatives." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7 August 2003: Canadian Senior Liaison Officer Toni Moffa
writes in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SIDToday</i> (an in-house NSA
publication) that "CSE plans to dedicate 40 percent of its SIGINT
resources to security initiatives." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">8 August 1941: The Japanese Diplomatic Section of the Examination
Unit begins work following the hiring of Thomas and Nellie Colton. Nellie Colton was
the daughter of a Canadian father and a Japanese mother. She grew up in Japan
and understood written Japanese, but her English fluency was more limited. Her
husband, a Canadian who had spent 37 years in Japan, translated for her.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhMa-tn6_BmDzBUOmUvhZADD6NyZzg85WMXXFBHR8M1-4tIZGsLAslxLJRSd6bBgiIqxYS-PQuHF3S1Ybq-AxOOjLBvfzAXjRsBnUuH6HfgoaZgnMEpWjjBBHAUthdAmDhmKW-lkOnkyWXKSVjZrIotav0MobNCGo72LjegxgPVPS7G76XNew=s580" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="580" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhMa-tn6_BmDzBUOmUvhZADD6NyZzg85WMXXFBHR8M1-4tIZGsLAslxLJRSd6bBgiIqxYS-PQuHF3S1Ybq-AxOOjLBvfzAXjRsBnUuH6HfgoaZgnMEpWjjBBHAUthdAmDhmKW-lkOnkyWXKSVjZrIotav0MobNCGo72LjegxgPVPS7G76XNew=w391-h248" width="391" /></a></div><br />9 August 2001: Keith Coulter becomes Chief of CSE five weeks
before 9/11. In October 2001 he testifies, "the amount of data processed
by the organization—which is working seven days a week now, rather than
five—has more than doubled." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgNbo7tMX95ryfX5HU-NLlMj3x4awO0-xJ-MCpc27eVqSRSVfFsHhgsxvyzLgiC_YygyB89q4qlyxJ_QFmuyf88zILdgjeFYFRxYFBbLy5-2v4JHtjySy9PWiOZky-qMKe9wHaGgvY565dtEopnwUiYHA7RWDQx_bnN21Y06gO61tg8KN_yUg=s352" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="304" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgNbo7tMX95ryfX5HU-NLlMj3x4awO0-xJ-MCpc27eVqSRSVfFsHhgsxvyzLgiC_YygyB89q4qlyxJ_QFmuyf88zILdgjeFYFRxYFBbLy5-2v4JHtjySy9PWiOZky-qMKe9wHaGgvY565dtEopnwUiYHA7RWDQx_bnN21Y06gO61tg8KN_yUg=w393-h456" width="393" /></a></div><br />10 August 1954: The NRC stops paying for CBNRC's entire
$1.9M budget. Under the new plan, "NRC would contribute a fixed amount of
$500k annually towards CB's costs, the remainder to be divided between DND and
External Affairs on a 4/5 to 1/5 ratio". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">11 August 1954: Prince Philip inspects the Churchill
intercept station while on a solo Royal Visit to Canada: "For five days
every shift didn't do any work — all we did was polish the operations floor....
And then he came in and went 'Very nice,' and walked out the door."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">12 August 1988: Investigative journalist Duncan Campbell
<a href="https://www.duncancampbell.org" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">reveals</a> the existence of the UKUSA ECHELON satellite-monitoring program. CSE participation in the program was approved that same year.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">13 August 1954: NSA Director Ralph Canine defends the release of
information about NSA difficulties to CBNRC: "These matters ... are well
known to Canadian COMINT officials owing to the competence of their previous
liaison officer" (Jaff Wilkins). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">14 August 1984: The Report on Management of the Canadian Intelligence
Program calls for a new Foreign Intelligence Coordinator position in the PCO that
would, among other duties, maintain "an overview of the operations of
CSE". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">15 August 2007: The 1987 memorandum of understanding that
governed foreign intelligence collection within Canada under the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CSIS Act</i> is replaced by a new process
that, among other changes, no longer requires the signatures of both the
Defence and the Foreign Affairs ministers. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">16 August 1995: Military police begin an 11-month
investigation of suspected drug use at CFS Leitrim. Ultimately no charges are laid.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">17 August 1977: The Intelligence Advisory Committee
discusses a news report that the Soviets monitor US microwave traffic. CSE
Chief Kevin O'Neill comments that the Soviets also monitor microwave traffic
into and out of Ottawa.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj0lvrG8GcNWdHab6TfMlQMIEgei6s3n3z5QBPLxpH0qVRT_bZvqMolUZF9CeWdtyQIerImDDDvyenGVWeWIaYAmqupdZBANFSG6hH3ZlnWJGBVvjz6Wc5KXBHloxfsV1s33zrPMEzd1odB5EZvw6zeWk8cjSaHAVw6YjGK284fROXPHrzyig=s715" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="715" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj0lvrG8GcNWdHab6TfMlQMIEgei6s3n3z5QBPLxpH0qVRT_bZvqMolUZF9CeWdtyQIerImDDDvyenGVWeWIaYAmqupdZBANFSG6hH3ZlnWJGBVvjz6Wc5KXBHloxfsV1s33zrPMEzd1odB5EZvw6zeWk8cjSaHAVw6YjGK284fROXPHrzyig=w391-h324" width="391" /></a>18 August 1945: On this date, five members of No. 1 Canadian
Special Wireless Group (1 officer, 4 enlisted) are working at Central Bureau in
Brisbane, Australia, and the remaining 333 (19 officers, 314 enlisted) are working
at the field intercept site at Darwin.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhF3pgtqyyhI9ZUmwRQUy_0hbGSQBSgLnW31JUBsubF7YJhG6iOk2MkAvos8ZFAB3TaZaNnrsHezTjnOiZozWuAbNRgd7eVS5xLdbKpgtlywB_7cx1_NjfBWWs__4WGezHGb3JCr9tcNFybVEBnQVV62_prv-AURehj8CK1Tjw1XN2ER5fh2Q=s1848" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1197" data-original-width="1848" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhF3pgtqyyhI9ZUmwRQUy_0hbGSQBSgLnW31JUBsubF7YJhG6iOk2MkAvos8ZFAB3TaZaNnrsHezTjnOiZozWuAbNRgd7eVS5xLdbKpgtlywB_7cx1_NjfBWWs__4WGezHGb3JCr9tcNFybVEBnQVV62_prv-AURehj8CK1Tjw1XN2ER5fh2Q=w390-h252" width="390" /></a></div><br />19 August 1941: The Examination Unit makes its first break
into the diplomatic communications of a friendly country, breaking the
Colombian substitution cipher used for London–Bogotá diplomatic traffic. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">20 August 2014: The CSE Commissioner reports for the first
time the number of "private communications" intercepted and used or
retained by CSE under Part A of its mandate (66 in 2013-14). NSIRA, the
watchdog agency that replaced OCSEC, discontinued this reporting.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">21 August 1987: The Solicitor General and the ministers of
Foreign Affairs and National Defence sign a Tri-Ministerial Memorandum of
Understanding governing foreign intelligence collection in Canada under s.16 of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CSIS Act</i>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">22 August 1955: Canada pledges at a SACLANT conference to modernize
direction-finding (D/F) facilities on RCN ships and provide four D/F stations for
naval purposes, plus another to be shared with national SIGINT requirements.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">23 August 2004: With its existing headquarters buildings
over capacity due to post-9/11 hiring, CSE receives approval to construct two "temporary"
modular buildings at its Confederation Heights campus. The agency moved away in
2014, but the buildings remain. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">24 August 1977: IAC SIGINT Memo #1 explains CSE's "interrelationship
with the SIGINT centres of the U.S., Britain, Australia and New Zealand.
Intelligence and technical information are freely exchanged among them, and
while each national SIGINT centre allocates some of its collection and
processing resources in accordance with "Division of Effort"
arrangements, each draws on the common pool of SIGINT product to meet the
requirements of its national intelligence authorities."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">25 August 2014: The <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Globe
and Mail</span> quotes former CSE Chief John Adams: "We’ve got some bright young
kids... Virtually everything – 90 per cent of what they do – is [computer
network operations] now. It opens it up to where they can literally go out and
target the world." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">26 August 2013: Federal Court Justice Richard Mosley orders
counsel for CSE and CSIS to appear before the court to explain their failure to
inform the court about the use of SIGINT partners when monitoring Canadians abroad under court-issued
Domestic Interception of Foreign Telecommunications and Search (DIFTS) warrants.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">27 August 1945: The Canadian Joint Intelligence Committee
recommends continuation of Canada's SIGINT partnership with its allies in
peacetime: "If we contribute to the pool we shall draw something from it
in the form of finished products; if we fail to contribute, we shall receive
nothing." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">28 August 2011: The <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ottawa
Sun</span> reports that urban sprawl is affecting CFS Leitrim: "According to
Lt.-Col. Mark Lilienthal, ... there has been some very preliminary talk of
building a new facility somewhere else — from scratch. For now, they're just
going to move the road." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">29 August 1973: CBNRC updates its cover story to state that
it "carries out research, development and production in the field of
communications security for federal government departments. It also provides
advice for departments in this field as required." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">30 August 1937: The UK Dominions Office writes to Dominion
High Commissioners asking them to name a national authority for wireless
interception. Canada nominates a representative of the Ministry of
Transportation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">31 August 1945: Noting that "the atomic bomb has
ushered in a new era", Gilbert Robinson writes: "Suffice it to say
that both London and Washington seem to be anxious that [Canadian
cryptanalytic] work should continue in Ottawa." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1 September 1946: The Communications Research Centre is
reconstituted as the Communications Branch of the National Research Council
(CBNRC) and all staff are transferred to NRC, marking the formal beginning of
Canada's post-war SIGINT agency. (But see 3 September 1946.) </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2 September 1942: After visiting Ottawa, Captain Geoffrey
Stevens, GC&CS liaison to the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service, reports
to GC&CS: "Canadians feel they are being treated rather as a younger
brother." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3 September 1946: Canada's post-war SIGINT agency, the Communications Branch of the National Research Council, begins work
(the 1st of September 1946 was a Sunday and the 2nd was Labour Day). </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">4 September 1953: Director of Communications Security George
Glazebrook recommends that staff be allocated by the services to all intercept
stations to perform preliminary processing, "both traffic analysis and low
grade cipher", on a day to day basis and to scan traffic for unusual
items. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">5 September 1945: GRU code clerk Igor Gouzenko defects,
revealing the existence of a Soviet spy ring in Canada. Gouzenko also provides
information on Soviet cryptologic procedures. More info <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2012/01/gouzenko-and-soviet-target.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjhQb0oF5uelW5R_q5UBAEKGWcR84ADukpX-k264fexw08Sk8qRFIYTRUd1q1gSq9P5pjcEFAFT40TvwelneEpJKyPl3j2oKncY4tE6RUtgnwGVafoTp9OdH4wk19HoQeDuCiCwaBcZ17riRDnHF4yuSLpjV5mJA2AXq22YaAWusVBT0ziJpg=s298" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="234" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjhQb0oF5uelW5R_q5UBAEKGWcR84ADukpX-k264fexw08Sk8qRFIYTRUd1q1gSq9P5pjcEFAFT40TvwelneEpJKyPl3j2oKncY4tE6RUtgnwGVafoTp9OdH4wk19HoQeDuCiCwaBcZ17riRDnHF4yuSLpjV5mJA2AXq22YaAWusVBT0ziJpg=w392-h500" width="392" /></a></div><br />6 September 1960: NSA defectors William Martin and Bernon Mitchell
reveal that Canada has a COMINT agency during a press conference in Moscow.
CBNRC's Security Officer issues a warning to staff "pointing out that the
mere existence of COMINT in Canada was still classified SECRET". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7 September 1954: NSA's COMINT-sharing policy states:
"While the Canadians are aware that some material cannot be made available
to them, the criteria for establishing restrictions should not be revealed. It
is enough to say merely that we regret the material is not releasable." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">8 September 1943: A report on the Examination Unit's operations
notes that "The work of the Unit falls into two main classes, diplomatic
and military, most of our resources being devoted to the former." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">9 September 2011: CSE's Cryptologic Research Institute is officially
named the Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing, and its new facility is
officially opened. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">10 September 1939: The RCN Foreign Intelligence Section is
created to "undertake Operational SIGINT ("Y"), HF/DF and the
plotting of the positions of submarines and surface vessels." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">11 September 2001: The 9/11 terrorist attacks lead to major
changes at CSE. After the attacks, CSE "radically refocused its activities
toward security and anti-terrorism." The agency was also granted a
statutory mandate, new intercept powers, and large budget increases. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">12 September 1941: The first Vichy diplomatic message to be
decrypted by the Examination Unit is intercepted. (Decryption of the message
was completed on October 1st.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh3MFuqjICCvo2vQM8fBKIOkxiHyPtv5bG3-P4kYrk_7Hlnr75qKp1YUmWDNKF6A3gb4jIAtzCc32MKO9Jc5YugCLIkC6n6u1KVYBGeI_52coFgl48F7HHL6kGuu_Rk7hmij9puI117gACW8ZON-hA91xatC1s07V1PY2_sINjDrHRs5nHWkQ=s1466" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1466" data-original-width="1152" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh3MFuqjICCvo2vQM8fBKIOkxiHyPtv5bG3-P4kYrk_7Hlnr75qKp1YUmWDNKF6A3gb4jIAtzCc32MKO9Jc5YugCLIkC6n6u1KVYBGeI_52coFgl48F7HHL6kGuu_Rk7hmij9puI117gACW8ZON-hA91xatC1s07V1PY2_sINjDrHRs5nHWkQ=w392-h500" width="392" /></a></div><br />13 September 1949: The Senior Committee approves the SIGINT
Estimates for Fiscal Year 1950/51, "subject to some further investigation
into the amount of money being poured into the construction of the RCN
intercept station at Churchill". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">14 September 2004: Representatives of CSE and the other Five
Eyes agencies meet to plan cooperation on the FOSSWAY research project, which
is "dedicated to the development of massive analytic attacks against
global metadata supported by extensive automation." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">15 September 1953: George Glazebrook, the External Affairs
officer in charge of SIGINT policy, writes approvingly of NSA Director Ralph
Canine: "General Canine is a virtual dictator and an admirable person to
deal with."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiTbG-58MnwkvSkUnZlQSI1ZcqITVpSyNUQKJuKdNvvdsd0EFZY3NT1E8PKoPL8zddu40spB0xY0IJ6LkRpOIk44eT3HjdydkWq2l_UpIWNYx5hbjpnrnluzPS9KbAt7rZUAkQ6Nfpq8U0txJLwSB8DSWKzSBJK_FipC8qSYT4DBHKYfbGKHw=s600" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="600" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiTbG-58MnwkvSkUnZlQSI1ZcqITVpSyNUQKJuKdNvvdsd0EFZY3NT1E8PKoPL8zddu40spB0xY0IJ6LkRpOIk44eT3HjdydkWq2l_UpIWNYx5hbjpnrnluzPS9KbAt7rZUAkQ6Nfpq8U0txJLwSB8DSWKzSBJK_FipC8qSYT4DBHKYfbGKHw=w393-h284" width="393" /></a></div><br />16 September 2008: CSE Commissioner Charles Gonthier writes
to Defence Minister Peter MacKay to reiterate that he and CSE disagree over the
part of CSE's mandate that certain contact chaining activities belong under, affecting
how those activities are approved and the results used.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">17 September 2012: Asked if CSE has received intercepts of
communications with both ends in Canada from Five Eyes partners, National Defence
responds with a classic non-denial: CSE "does not pursue the
receipt of such intelligence and has clearly expressed its expectations to
partner agencies." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">18 September 1986: Official birthday of the Reserve
Electronic Warfare Squadron. (The squadron was renamed 772 Electronic Warfare
Squadron in 2005 and merged with the regular force 2 EW Squadron to create 21
Electronic Warfare Regiment in 2010.) </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">19 September 1949: A special meeting of the Communications Research
Committee is held to discuss CRC/105, "Review of Canadian Peacetime SIGINT
Effort", which reports that only about 32 of 100 planned intercept
positions are operational at that time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">20 September 1944: The directors of Military Intelligence and
Naval Intelligence call for continuation of the Examination Unit after the war,
arguing that "Canada’s position in world affairs requires the existence of
a cryptographic organization." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">21 September 1994: CSE’s Cryptologic Program Strategic Plan
laments, “The effect of budgetary constraints pervades and dominates all
corporate activity from long-term, strategic planning to daily operational
tasks.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">22 September 1983: Minister of State for External Relations
Jean-Luc Pepin officially avows CSE's signals intelligence role. The statement
is the first formal ministerial-level confirmation of the agency's SIGINT activities.
(It is not, as is sometimes reported, the first time that the actual existence
of the agency is acknowledged.) </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">23 September 2016: CSE Chief Greta Bossenmaier warns,
"unless we collectively get ahead of the quantum challenge and rethink
encryption, the systems and information of companies, of governments, of
organizations, of citizens — potentially every Canadian citizen — could be
vulnerable." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">24 September 1990: The Special Committee on Review of the CSIS
Act and Security Offences Act recommends that the Solicitor General "study
the matter of CSIS and the CSE obtaining judicial authorization before using
electromagnetic eavesdropping technology for investigative purposes." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">25 September 1945: US cryptanalyst Frank Rowlett begins a
five-day debrief of Igor Gouzenko: "The Rowlett party included Professor
Gilbert Robinson, a wartime Canadian Sigint officer.... Robinson had conducted
the preliminary questioning of Gouzenko on cryptologic matters". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">26 September 1946: External Affairs officer Bill Crean asks US
authorities for wide-ranging Canadian access to US communications intelligence
reporting, pointing to the comparable access already provided to Canada by the UK. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">27 September 2007: CSE's "applied title" is
changed to Communications Security Establishment Canada to comply with the
Federal Identity Program. (Routine use of the new name was quietly dropped in
2014.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">28 September 1945: The Chiefs of Staff Committee, in
discussions with four senior External Affairs officers (Norman Robertson, Hume
Wrong, George Glazebrook, and Arnold Heeney), agrees to continue Canadian
SIGINT activities in peacetime. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">29 September 2017: CSE Deputy Chief Dominic Rochon comments internally
about stakeholder briefings the agency is holding on Bill C-59: "the goal is really to simply
attend, make sure nothing blows up, and (provided nothing blows up) immediately
forget the event ever happened..."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjetQp4UPJmlgYTq0vih2re9XbabKeVB5f7JCB4X1ptUPK4BGJc3yDqSzN97kyjV2kew3iGh6jWayAGJXPxK0QF3gBjQ9FR-nFjxRN-cZeIxO0gi0ybeb3exUoZjHMM7J_glojnySj38E2LT6b6obZyeNel8o-mSSIFRJTymHvSahgZXhPYdw=s1233" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="1233" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjetQp4UPJmlgYTq0vih2re9XbabKeVB5f7JCB4X1ptUPK4BGJc3yDqSzN97kyjV2kew3iGh6jWayAGJXPxK0QF3gBjQ9FR-nFjxRN-cZeIxO0gi0ybeb3exUoZjHMM7J_glojnySj38E2LT6b6obZyeNel8o-mSSIFRJTymHvSahgZXhPYdw=w393-h135" width="393" /></a></div><br />30 September 1999: The Canadian Press reports that the plan
to consolidate CSE staff at two sites, the Sir Leonard Tilley Building and the
former CBC headquarters, "has gone slightly awry", as the agency now needs
more space than the two buildings can provide.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal">1 October 1998: Industry Minister John Manley rejects backdoors
in public encryption products: "First, the Government affirms the freedom
of Canadians to develop, import and use whatever cryptography products they
wish.... Second, the Government will not implement mandatory key recovery
requirements".</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2 October 2018: Canadian Centre for Cyber Security head
Scott Jones states, "nothing spurs innovation as much as sitting in a room
with all of your highly skilled cyber defenders... and saying, 'Anybody
disagree that if we don't do something very different, we're about to lose, and
lose really badly.'" <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3 October 2010: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Canada's
Cyber Security Strategy</i> pledges that CSE "will enhance its capacity to
detect and discover threats, provide foreign intelligence and cyber security
services, and respond to cyber threats and attacks against Government networks
and IT systems". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">4 October 1983: Public Service Alliance of Canada head Daryl
Bean faces criticism when he reveals in testimony that CSE has 587 unionized
employees. MPs and the media appear unaware that the Public Service Staff
Relations Board had been publishing annual figures since 1975. (And Statistics Canada began publishing monthly figures that included non-union staff in 1979.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">5 October 2015: The Liberal Party election platform pledges,
"We will introduce new legislation that will, among other measures:...
limit Communications Security Establishment’s powers by requiring a warrant to
engage in the surveillance of Canadians". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6 October 2009: The Public Service Labour Relations Board
orders CSE to pay “market allowance to [all] incumbents of positions whose
primary duties require the performance of computer science administration
functions and/or engineering functions”. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7 October 2013: CSE confirms that it sometimes receives
money "from the Five Eyes partnership" (presumably NSA) to support
"cryptologic research and development that will enhance Canada's national
security."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgiOr4RC7HyN6eodhw2OrdsHucFpcrK0nDk_HhuK91Bkj_Kj3EOYX8ACavCtqJ-VMk_-L2C0TkuRHspMNfjkSedAnqO5xUNqsVaYdEubRcaYZmuKBZZIJ6RcP_tTlyvIRTXa5kEX2guDuOkLQCQbLIQb3PFexjoxaIQIJiIpUswIN2t2lR-xQ=s670" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="670" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgiOr4RC7HyN6eodhw2OrdsHucFpcrK0nDk_HhuK91Bkj_Kj3EOYX8ACavCtqJ-VMk_-L2C0TkuRHspMNfjkSedAnqO5xUNqsVaYdEubRcaYZmuKBZZIJ6RcP_tTlyvIRTXa5kEX2guDuOkLQCQbLIQb3PFexjoxaIQIJiIpUswIN2t2lR-xQ=w389-h350" width="389" /></a></div><br />8 October 2013: Former CSE Chief John Adams reveals that “there
are more transactions at [CSE] on a daily basis than all of our banks
combined.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">9 October 2013: CSE Chief John Forster reports that "Last
year, the number of detected cyber incidents on government of Canada networks
tripled in one year. Part of that is due to much better detection." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">10 October 1944: GC&CS Director Edward Travis suggests the
"Travis Plan", under which Canada would not set up its own post-war
SIGINT agency but would simply supply intercepts to the UK, which would provide
any relevant SIGINT to Canada. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">11 October 1945: No. 1 Canadian Special Wireless Group closes
down operations at its intercept station near Darwin, Australia and prepares to
return to Canada. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">12 October 1945: Lt Col Drake appeals to the Canadian Joint Intelligence
Committee for decisions on a range of issues, including "an interim policy
on manpower, on the duties of the JDU, and on the future of Naval intercept
stations. The CJIC could not answer any of Drake's questions in detail". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">13 October 1959: CBNRC's communications security (COMSEC) mandate
is revised to include responsibility for providing technical advice and support
on electronic emission security (ELSEC) matters. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">14 October 1987: 771 Communications Research Squadron is created.
The unit is located at CSE headquarters and works alongside CSE staff until
shut down in 2002.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-fzcKN9Qs0Qn7JYWldU_X04V4TRwTXsDDpnfEAcaektDc1LTZXcrUdK9bcMeb7y2a76Sli6QCf5rRdaURe5TdQg2QQ2c1DRhEKfknqrycqKx_ItcAJP_ja1vYMDTuvQ056ongZcNq4D1jd8FBj6DfXIO1ph6mJPLd6sPFJU9F1QaGp82EIw=s393" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="388" height="397" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-fzcKN9Qs0Qn7JYWldU_X04V4TRwTXsDDpnfEAcaektDc1LTZXcrUdK9bcMeb7y2a76Sli6QCf5rRdaURe5TdQg2QQ2c1DRhEKfknqrycqKx_ItcAJP_ja1vYMDTuvQ056ongZcNq4D1jd8FBj6DfXIO1ph6mJPLd6sPFJU9F1QaGp82EIw=w392-h397" width="392" /></a></div><br />15 October 2013: Former CSE Chief John Adams defends economic
intelligence-gathering by the government: "Mr. Adams said [CSE] has been
used both offensively and defensively to drive the government’s economic
priorities." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">16 October 1957: Canada turns down NSA's suggestion to
declassify the NSA–CBNRC relationship, "largely on the grounds that CB's
cover under the umbrella of NRC would be blown". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">17 October 2013: CSE media lines note that CSE's "power
requirements [at the Sir Leonard Tilley building] will soon exceed current capacity to
supply high-performance, critical to the mission supercomputers required to
store data and defend against sophisticated cyber threats." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">18 October 2001: CSE Chief Keith Coulter visits NSA in the wake
of 9/11. According to Coulter, Bill C-36, which gave CSE its first statutory
mandate, "was extremely well received south of the border. In fact, they
look at it as a signal of our seriousness". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">19 October 1994: Doubleday Canada releases <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spyworld: Inside the Canadian and American
Intelligence Establishments</i>, Mike Frost's sensationalistic but revealing account
of his career at CSE "as told to Michel Gratton." </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjZSWm8ASIyNPwwPm3bOQa0UoG9n1GCDul3z_iCNEtTQyRhTVwQ4v7DcOlXTR7Fpqn5ejobtLVWDL09aPMaOH1l_gWwRryQg02HlMDQUSYpVTTaFQnva89KykOn3NHTzfecrNv8lPV2LC__cu8lInSTTQxzlG6IrrFug65AMecOFxc2DZ0JUA=s1568" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="924" data-original-width="1568" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjZSWm8ASIyNPwwPm3bOQa0UoG9n1GCDul3z_iCNEtTQyRhTVwQ4v7DcOlXTR7Fpqn5ejobtLVWDL09aPMaOH1l_gWwRryQg02HlMDQUSYpVTTaFQnva89KykOn3NHTzfecrNv8lPV2LC__cu8lInSTTQxzlG6IrrFug65AMecOFxc2DZ0JUA=w391-h231" width="391" /></a></div><br />20 October 1952: UK, US, and Canada hold a COMINT
Communications Conference at the Rideau Annex, CBNRC's headquarters, to
consider existing, future, and wartime requirements for SIGINT communications. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">21 October 1946: Bill Crean writes to the Chiefs of Staff
"pointing out that only the equivalent of 15 or 16 full-time intercept
positions were being provided out of the 100 committed" by Canada and recommends
that "very high priority" be placed on the requirement. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">22 October 1945: GC&CS Director Edward Travis informs
Canada that the US and UK are negotiating joint post-war SIGINT activities and
"would like [Canada] to fit into [the] general plan by accepting defined
responsibilities in all aspects of [the] work." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">23 October 2001: Defence Minister Art Eggleton calls for new CSE
powers: "If we are to make a meaningful contribution to the international
campaign against terrorism, we must ensure that our own legal framework is
aligned with [those of our UKUSA partners]."</p><p class="MsoNormal">24 October 2013: Senator Wilfred Moore asks why no company
from the Five Eyes countries bid on rights to a new Brazilian oil field:
"Was it because of information gained by the cyberhacking of [CSE] and
shared with companies in Canada's energy sector?" <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">25 October 1958: The downtown Ottawa building that stores
CBNRC COMSEC key material is severely damaged by a gas explosion in a
neighbouring building, leading to construction of a new storage facility on the
NRC campus. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">26 October 1982: Former intercept operator Larry Clark reveals
details of Canada's SIGINT activities to the Edmonton Journal: "We monitor
all Communist bloc nations but we are primarily tasked with monitoring the
USSR—and within that we focus on the northern part."</p><p class="MsoNormal">27 October 2014: Introduction of Bill C-44, which amends the
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CSIS Act</i> to enable collection of
security intelligence outside Canada even when those activities violate foreign
laws, clearing the way for CSE and Five Eyes assistance in monitoring Canadians
outside Canada. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">28 October 1941: GC&CS Director Alastair Denniston reports
that Canada will fire XU head Herbert Yardley, "now regarded as persona
non-grata and handicap to Canadian Sigint relations with US". Oliver
Strachey is subsequently lent by GC&CS to be the new XU head. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">29 October 1948: Soviet improvements in communications
security systems and procedures culminate in "Black Friday", ending
UKUSA access to almost all Soviet high-level communications for three decades. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">30 October 1991: Hercules resupply flight Boxtop 22 crashes
while on approach to Canadian Forces Station Alert, resulting in the loss of
five lives. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">31 October 1995: The CSE Information Technology Security
(ITS) FY 95-96 Business Plan states, "ITS must seek ways to distance
itself from the SIGINT mission and yet maintain the benefits derived from being
part of the Cryptologic Program." On 1 October 2018, ITS became the
Canadian Centre for Cyber Security. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1 November 1943: The Joint Machine Unit, established for the
joint use of the three armed services SIGINT units and the Examination Unit,
commences operations using IBM punched-card machinery. As part of the later
Joint Discrimination Unit, the JMU ultimately was absorbed into CBNRC. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2 November 2017: Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan signs a new Ministerial
Direction for CSE on "Avoiding Complicity in Mistreatment by Foreign
Entities". Provisions include release of an annual public report on the
direction's application.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3 November 2017: The new military Cyber Operator occupation gets
its first members. "Cyber Operators conduct defensive cyber operations
[for the Canadian Forces], and when required and where feasible, active cyber
operations." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">4 November 2019: Edward M. Drake, who served as CBNRC's
first Director from the agency's creation in 1946 until his death in 1971, is
inducted into NSA's Cryptologic Hall of Honor.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjoeurAt4CGyxiRqO8VPFqXwBe1o21XeRyveJ3JdKpPWUIzB-BK3CeWmd_u8odAXrqLmw1Fvyl_M1-u8k0hsYghzA99RJkT4tdN8cnJdBD5G3MdADyTGKSEse-hQ_x0XTEc09ehvyay2OB834c30-rrIJhB6K2lB7FiiZke7g37V_gcolR3kA=s1800" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1800" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjoeurAt4CGyxiRqO8VPFqXwBe1o21XeRyveJ3JdKpPWUIzB-BK3CeWmd_u8odAXrqLmw1Fvyl_M1-u8k0hsYghzA99RJkT4tdN8cnJdBD5G3MdADyTGKSEse-hQ_x0XTEc09ehvyay2OB834c30-rrIJhB6K2lB7FiiZke7g37V_gcolR3kA=w392-h261" width="392" /></a></div><br />5 November 1970: NSA proposes that CBNRC be authorized to
process Soviet troposcatter communications collected by the RHYOLITE SIGINT
satellites to "take up the slack" resulting from declining Soviet HF
communications. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6 November 2017: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announces
establishment of the National Security and Intelligence Committee of
Parliamentarians. MPs and Senators on NSICOP are able for the first time to
receive classified information about CSE and other agencies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7 November 1949: The CANUSA Implementation Conference opens
in Washington. The purpose of the nine-day conference is to draft the technical
appendices that spell out the details of Canada–US communications intelligence
cooperation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">8 November 1944: The Examination Unit Committee discusses
the future of the unit. XU Director Tony Kendrick suggests that External
Affairs send a representative to England to consult with Bletchley Park and the
Foreign Office on the value of peacetime SIGINT. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">9 November 1970: The Isbister Report on the Canadian
intelligence program recommends that "the Director of CBNRC be made the
manager of CBNRC by terminating the special management responsibilities now
exercised in External Affairs [i.e., the Director of Communications Security role]."</p><p class="MsoNormal">10 November 1947: The US Communications Intelligence Board
(USCIB) informs Canada that it considers a written agreement on Canada-US
SIGINT cooperation "indispensible". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">11 November 1942: The "Y" building at the Cap d'Espoir
intercept station, one of several stations monitoring U-boat communications, is
destroyed in a fire. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">12 November 1995: Former CSE analyst Jane Shorten reveals
that CSE has been monitoring calls into and out of many embassies in Canada,
including those of friendly countries such as Japan, Mexico, and South Korea. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">13 November 1957: Canadian liaison officer at the CIA Philip
Uren reports to the Joint Intelligence Committee that, in the CIA director's
view, "liaison between Canada and the US on intelligence [is] closer than
that with any other country." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">14 November 1939: The Royal Canadian Signals Experimental
Station, later called 1 Special Wireless Station, begins wireless intercept
operations at Rockcliffe. 1 SWS moved to Leitrim in 1942.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgmaXab8LvKO__Yab36sHBtizYupBjBFGj3CWoKACe8gtVT3QgP0bXrtzR7844ZEj8cSQ8luRPoLdLsbUxqq8Fr1-LW5QIkCv5GUD07PQqdOCsragJofF1I4uX6V2V8NuXUP4516LzkAOwO7A1JBXUBl5j5WqkGfLpF-Ox--ThhvxaYfrIdpg=s700" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="700" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgmaXab8LvKO__Yab36sHBtizYupBjBFGj3CWoKACe8gtVT3QgP0bXrtzR7844ZEj8cSQ8luRPoLdLsbUxqq8Fr1-LW5QIkCv5GUD07PQqdOCsragJofF1I4uX6V2V8NuXUP4516LzkAOwO7A1JBXUBl5j5WqkGfLpF-Ox--ThhvxaYfrIdpg=w393-h307" width="393" /></a></div><br />15 November 2016: CSE Commissioner Jean-Pierre Plouffe states,
"one of the principal challenges to restore and enhance public trust will
be transparency. ...I've been pushing this concept of transparency for the last
3 years and trying to convince [CSE] to release more and more information".
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">16 November 2011: CSE becomes a stand-alone agency,
continuing to report to the Minister of National Defence but no longer a part
of the Department of National Defence. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">17 November 1958: NSA, GCHQ and CBNRC meet in Washington to
plan Alert and Watch Procedures for indications and warning intelligence
concerning possible hostile action. </p><p class="MsoNormal">18 November 1987: CSE Chief Peter Hunt meets with NSA and consults
on how to handle New Zealand integrees serving at CSE following the imposition of
US restrictions on intelligence-sharing with New Zealand as a result of the US–NZ
dispute on nuclear ship visits. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">19 November 1940: US Army Chief Signal Officer Major General
Joseph Mauborgne comments to Captain Ed Drake that, "Eventually, if the
United States were involved in the war, a three-corner co-operation
(Canada-United States-England) [in SIGINT] would be essential." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">20 November 2012: CSE Commissioner Robert Décary recommends
that CSE advise CSIS to tell the Federal Court that CSE assistance in CSIS
DIFTS warrants may include Five Eyes help, which leads to a very surprised
Justice Richard Mosley when he reads the Commissioner's later public report. See
25 November 2013. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">21 November 1950: The USN and RCN establish the Personnel
Exchange Program, through which naval personnel working in radio intercept and
direction-finding positions are posted to partner installations and vessels. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">22 November 1977: DND Deputy Minister Buzz Nixon provides
the first on the record confirmation of CSE's COMINT role, testifying that CSE
"is involved in two programs, communications security and also
communications intelligence." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">23 November 1989: Security Intelligence Review Committee
Chair Ron Atkey calls for creation of an equivalent CSE watchdog agency:
"we think Parliament should be concerned about the rights and liberties of
individual Canadians vis-a-vis CSE". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">24 November 1949: CBNRC Director Ed Drake becomes a formal
member of the Communications Research Committee, the interdepartmental
committee overseeing SIGINT policy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">25 November 2013: Federal Court Justice Richard Mosley
releases the public version of his classified decision berating CSIS for
failing to inform the court that CSE assistance with DIFTS warrants would normally
also entail Five Eyes participation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">26 November 1992: Award of the Special Service Medal is authorized
for 180 days of honourable service at CFS Alert. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">27 November 1984: Cabinet Secretary Gordon Osbaldeston lays
out the mandate for the newly created position of Intelligence and Security
Coordinator (which eventually evolved into National Security and Intelligence
Advisor). Until 2011, this position served as Deputy Minister for CSE policy
matters. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">28 November 2013: CSE Chief John Forster, testifying to the
National Defence committee, refuses to answer questions about spying on the
2010 G8/G20 summits: "I can't comment on the specifics of our intelligence
operations or capability... as the information is classified".</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjD2jh9iuiOeJ6kpprhUlfE6GDQJ_RnJG7jRcT_24pS54g2OGIaHDpBI-QT4MSVi9KtHREAa0PEPATjvQ0U_L8O2mP-VZMs73rykxMIbIQeTMzo_TMq1W7QbKuQt8W4ufs9zVHA97wiRbgqva5QVgT9sd2iUwaW3nAtaGd7yEQyk-82k_tSDA=s1023" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="685" data-original-width="1023" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjD2jh9iuiOeJ6kpprhUlfE6GDQJ_RnJG7jRcT_24pS54g2OGIaHDpBI-QT4MSVi9KtHREAa0PEPATjvQ0U_L8O2mP-VZMs73rykxMIbIQeTMzo_TMq1W7QbKuQt8W4ufs9zVHA97wiRbgqva5QVgT9sd2iUwaW3nAtaGd7yEQyk-82k_tSDA=w390-h261" width="390" /></a></div><br />29 November 2017: CSE's Bill C-59 Briefing Book confirms
that, in addition to existing SIGINT methods, the proposed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CSE Act </i>would enable the agency "to use a broader range of
advanced capabilities to acquire foreign intelligence from foreign targets
outside of Canada." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">30 November 2002: The Globe and Mail reports that CSE
received more than 13,000 job applications after three days of advertising in
Canadian newspapers in the wake of 9/11: "Sources say the volume has
overwhelmed the CSE's human resources department." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1 December 2012: Responding to a recommendation by CSE
Commissioner Robert Décary to collect and report more complete privacy-related
statistics, CSE begins adding an "accountability marking" to one-end-Canadian
e-mails acquired through computer network exploitation and found to contain
foreign intelligence. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2 December 2008: Brigadier General John Turnbull explains
that the position of Director General Military SIGINT at CSE was "created
to meet an identified need for a closer CSE relationship with the military ... to
ensure effective CSE support to the military in theatre." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3 December 1970: Wideband collection of Soviet traffic
begins at CFS Alert. The resulting tapes were processed at Leitrim and led to
"a large increase in useful SIGINT." (The grey rectangle in the photo
below is the new operations building built at Leitrim for this purpose.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUzao_DFpd8jQC5PV-feCdS5mZPYrW3vukX4mfCDWTRBnUgKs78xBYMD37TGDFpHenMK9TCr2ixG1AF0Zq65T54hhWEI054enZ41yzeozoi1v-7_xJqHMYfBk39AnNSEv9R58TfAhN3OQXVqFitnJ1aHrrFIfijtkHqt8jmlHsSFv2Vk332g=s209" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="196" data-original-width="209" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUzao_DFpd8jQC5PV-feCdS5mZPYrW3vukX4mfCDWTRBnUgKs78xBYMD37TGDFpHenMK9TCr2ixG1AF0Zq65T54hhWEI054enZ41yzeozoi1v-7_xJqHMYfBk39AnNSEv9R58TfAhN3OQXVqFitnJ1aHrrFIfijtkHqt8jmlHsSFv2Vk332g=w392-h368" width="392" /></a></div><br />4 December 1947: The US and UK add Appendix J to the BRUSA (later
renamed UKUSA) Agreement concerning rules for collaboration with Canada,
Australia and New Zealand, including the need for formal assurances by those
countries of their willingness to comply with BRUSA paragraphs 5, 8 and 9. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">5 December 1968: The HYDRA transatlantic radio link for
SIGINT (and diplomatic) communications, first established for US–Canadian–UK
SIGINT traffic during the Second World War, is deactivated, having been
replaced by undersea cable links. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6 December 2007: Former CSE employees Bill Sheahan and
Pierre LaCompte tell the Air India Inquiry that no CSE intercept provided
warning of the 1985 attack. (Commissioner Major ultimately sided with James
Bartleman, who had testified there was a warning.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7 December 2007: CSIS agrees to blanket disclosure of s.16
metadata to CSE "to further CSE's [foreign intelligence] mandate." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">8 December 1939: The Department of Transport begins
intercepting German naval cipher traffic for the RCN at the DOT station at
Strathburn, Ontario. (Other DOT stations had begun direction-finding but not
intercept operations in September 1939.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">9 December 2005: NSA SIGINT Deputy Director Charlie Meals rates
the performance of NSA (and by extension CSE and other Five Eyes partners):
"We are absolutely at the top of our game. Never before in our history
have we produced such timely, relevant intelligence." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">10 December 2001: The post-9/11 budget boosts CSE’s funding
by 25% and its authorized establishment by 35% to approximately 1300. (The
agency has since grown to about 3000 employees.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">11 December 1940: The Canadian Chiefs of Staff decide
"they were unable to recommend the institution of a Cryptographic Branch
in Canada, and felt that we should continue to use the United Kingdom
facilities for this work. In the event of these being seriously interfered with
by enemy action, a similar organization exists in the U.S.A. which would be
available to assist in the event of the United States' entry into the
war."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">12 December 1978: The Chair of the Intelligence Advisory Committee
laments that CSE is "dependent for two-thirds of its operation" (i.e., the
intercept stations) on Communications Command, which is "subject to
budgeting on the basis of Command priorities rather than intelligence
priorities."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">13 December 2001: CSE is exempted from s.9(1)(c) of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Radiocommunication Act</i> so it can legally
decrypt encrypted subscription programming not available in Canada. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">14 December 2011: CSE and CSIS sign a general framework memorandum
of understanding on "ongoing cooperation on information and intelligence
collection, information sharing and operational support". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">15 December 1982: A memo on the government's planned <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CSIS Act</i> lists "electronic
surveillance and surreptitious entry" used against foreign intelligence
targets in Canada as CSIS "techniques which CSE considers necessary for
its purposes". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">16 December 1944: The XU Committee is asked to decide future
XU tasks, including those for the section working on the Japanese military:
"Should we receive another assignment from Washington, presumably we would
work on it, but the alternatives must be considered".</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">17 December 1987: External Affairs notes that CSE participation
in the ECHELON satellite monitoring program "has been stopped by a legal
opinion from Justice which states that such collection activity would be, if
not illegal, at least 'imprudent'." (It ultimately goes ahead.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">18 December 2001: The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anti-Terrorism
Act</i> (Bill C-36) receives Royal Assent, giving CSE a statutory mandate for
the first time and enabling the agency to collect private communications
incidentally when operating under ministerial authorization. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">19 December 2017: CSE attributes the WannaCry malware to
North Korea: "We are aware of the statements made by our allies and
partners concerning the role of actors in North Korea in the development of the
malware known as WannaCry. This assessment is consistent with our
analysis." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">20 December 2004: CANSLO/W Michael Doucet, CSE's senior liaison
officer at NSA, writes that he's "working with CSE HQ to develop a
partnership framework which will entrench a corporate culture of always seeking
opportunities to make valuable, tangible contributions to NSA." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">21 December 1941: His initial contract with the Examination
Unit having expired, Herbert Yardley offers his services to the Canadian Army
as "the only white man who is thoroughly conversant with every type of
Japanese Battle Communications." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">22 December 1994: CSE Chief Stewart Woolner proposes that
efficiencies and resource savings could result if the Canadian intercept
service, the Canadian Forces Supplementary Radio System, were brought under "closer
and more direct CSE management." The CFSRS interprets this proposal as a
resource grab.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">23 December 1941: Lester Pearson comments on Japanese telegrams
showing pre-Pearl Harbor planning to repatriate their diplomats: If received and
decrypted by the XU earlier, the messages would have been "a clear
indication that something was going to happen." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">24 December 1941: The UK asks Canada to intercept Japanese
communications with their agents in the Western Hemisphere as a "first
priority", promising "any help which the United Kingdom authorities
can give in regard to Japanese technique or other matters".</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">25 December 1949: "The last TYPEX [cipher machine]
message received at CBNRC was deciphered at the Guigues Street location in
December 1949, and contained Christmas Greetings from the Director and Staff of
GCHQ."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">26 December 1991: The Soviet Union, CSE's primary SIGINT target
since the early Cold War, is dissolved. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">27 December 1945: Col. Pat Bayley advises External Affairs that
Canada should combine its cryptanalytic and code-making activities, "since
nothing [is] more dangerous than the making of cyphers by persons with no
knowledge of the methods employed in breaking them." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">28 December 1995: The New York Times consults the man on the
street concerning recent controversial CSE activities: "'I think they're overstepping
their authority,' [Bill Seward, 50, the mechanic at Petro-Canada's Hoggs Back
Service Center] said".</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgNwwFsg8sCkNEdFVWUmvrf4jeZCEWxFwbkI-c5A0N8kv8SCdJd0p_PP0zjm-W1DtOlsRj5A218JYDu2RZmxw8DqHAi4FuabZbxaOakqx0NSvjGidjfOE6aZebi3ehvec5Utldl-_onaX7Nsc6oDt_-zXS6txv2LX5OHP3SahHNqXqunV7KCw=s3521" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1013" data-original-width="3521" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgNwwFsg8sCkNEdFVWUmvrf4jeZCEWxFwbkI-c5A0N8kv8SCdJd0p_PP0zjm-W1DtOlsRj5A218JYDu2RZmxw8DqHAi4FuabZbxaOakqx0NSvjGidjfOE6aZebi3ehvec5Utldl-_onaX7Nsc6oDt_-zXS6txv2LX5OHP3SahHNqXqunV7KCw=w390-h112" width="390" /></a></div><br />29 December 1945: Top officials from External Affairs,
National Defence and the National Research Council meet and agree that Canada
should create a peacetime civilian SIGINT agency. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">30 December 1952: Order-in-Council P.C. 4704 authorizes
CBNRC to produce cryptographic material to help NATO secure its communications.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">31 December 1942: The Examination Unit's Japanese Diplomatic
section reports it is "swamped by a peak of traffic". (Not the last
time Canada's SIGINT agency would be "awash in an ocean of data".) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
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<![endif]-->Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-79210094646774663712021-12-22T12:51:00.002-05:002021-12-22T12:52:26.794-05:00NSIRA 2020 Annual Report<p>NSIRA's <i><a href="https://nsira-ossnr.gc.ca/tabling-of-the-national-security-and-intelligence-review-agencys-annual-report" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">2020 Annual Report</a></i> was tabled on December 10th, 2021. </p><p>I'll try to write a post on the CSE-related items in the report eventually, but in the meantime you can find the great bulk of what I'd probably say—and a lot of additional insights—in Chris Parsons' commentary <a href="https://christopher-parsons.com/unpacking-nsiras-2020-annual-report/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>. Chris also addresses the non-CSE-related parts of the report, so at his site you get a full-service analysis!
</p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-25224092971257945382021-12-09T17:15:00.009-05:002021-12-17T14:22:47.181-05:00CSE 2020-2021 Annual Report<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>CSE's <a href="https://www.cse-cst.gc.ca/en/accountability/transparency/reports/communications-security-establishment-annual-report-2020-2021" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">2020-2021 Annual Report</a> was released on 28 June 2021, and
although I discussed the document on Twitter then, it's about time I got
around to commenting on it on this blog as well. <br /></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><b> </b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Improvement over 2019-2020 report </b></span><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>CSE's 2020-2021 report is considerably more informative than its
<a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-cse-annual-report-released.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">2019-2020 report</a>, which was the agency's first attempt at responding to the <i>CSE Act</i>'s
requirement to produce one. The new report contains about two and a half times as much text as the first one, and while that may be no guarantee of more signal among the noise, in this case it's fair to say that there has actually been some improvement. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>As before, however, most of the information provided relates to CSE's cyber
security efforts, which account for only about 30% of the agency's resources.
The remaining 70% of CSE's resources go to CSE's signals intelligence (SIGINT)
side, about which the agency prefers to say as little as possible. Even less is said about CSE's new cyber operations mandate.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>SIGINT and cyber operations </b></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">It's inevitable that much
about intelligence-gathering and covert-action kinds of activities must remain secret, but the paucity of information here is
still disappointing.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">CSE's cyber operations mandate was granted only in 2019, and how
those powers are used will form a key part of Canada's contribution to determining the future of
cyberspace. We already knew that some number of such operations had been authorized; the only new thing we learn in this report is that some have actually been conducted. (More recently, <a href="https://globalnews.ca/news/8429008/canadian-spy-agency-targets-cybercrime/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">CSE has acknowledged</a> that cyber criminal activity was one of the targets of those cyber operations.) <br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
By contrast, partner agencies such as NSA, GCHQ and
Australia's ASD have given specific examples of the operations they undertake,
and some of those governments engage in detailed public discussions of appropriate
strategies, laws, and norms for cyberspace.
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</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Last year, the National Security and Intelligence Review Agency (NSIRA) decided against publishing a number of statistics about CSE's SIGINT program that formerly had been published by OCSEC, CSE's previous review agency. Since the publication of those statistics had in all cases been approved by CSE, it is evident that no security grounds would prevent their publication by CSE itself. Surely, therefore, CSE's report contains that information at least. <br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">I jest of course.<br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span></span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The data that could have been reported includes:</span></span></span><p></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><ul><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The number of
recognized private communications (PCs) <span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">—
communications with at least one end in Canada —</span> acquired by CSE collection programs and used or retained for possible use in foreign intelligence reporting.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The number of
those PCs used in CSE foreign intelligence reporting.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The number of
reports PCs were used in.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The number of PCs
retained by CSE at the end of the review period.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The percentage
change in the total number of recognized PCs intercepted by CSE's foreign
intelligence program.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The number of PCs
"with substantive content" used or retained by CSE's cyber security
program. </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The number of
requests made by Canadian government clients for disclosure of Canadian
Identity Information (CII) cited in reports by CSE or Five Eyes partners.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The number of
requests for CII made by Five Eyes partners.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The number of
requests for CII made by other states. </span></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">None of that information was published here. <br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">One praiseworthy exception to the dearth of information in the report is the figure provided for the
overall number of foreign intelligence reports released by CSE: 2,528. Some historical numbers
have been released in the past, but this is the first current figure ever
published by the agency.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">That number may seem surprisingly low, but (as the agency was good enough to confirm to me) it excludes reports released by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group
(CFIOG), the Canadian Forces element that does a lot of SIGINT collection and processing under CSE's direction. The total number of Canadian SIGINT reports is thus probably closer to 10,000 a year, but I was advised not to bother asking for that number.<br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The report also reveals that SIGINT reports went to 1,450
clients in 28 federal government departments and agencies last year. This represents a
sizable drop from the "more than 2,100" clients that CSE served the year before, possibly due
to the number of public servants who have been working from home during the pandemic, away from the secure facilities needed for SIGINT access. (For more on CSE's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, see my chapter in <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2021/11/stress-tested.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i>Stress Tested</i></a>.)<br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Another notable statistic included in the report concerned the number of full-time employees CSE has: 2,992 as of March 31, 2021. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">That is more than three times the number of employees CSE had when
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data that was routinely reported by the Department of National Defence in its annual
budget documents prior to CSE's November 2011 spin-off as a free-standing
agency. (See <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522195915/http://www.vcds-vcemd.forces.gc.ca/sites/page-eng.asp?page=10414" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> for the high-water mark of CSE transparency when the agency
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or otherwise <span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">—</span> for its decision to stop providing data that had been
published routinely up to that point on topics such as its broad
intelligence priorities, capital and operating budgets, and selected major
projects. <br /></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The report does provide an overall budget authority figure for the agency ($794 million), but it says nothing about the
resource breakdown between the SIGINT and cyber security sides of the agency. Before
2018 this information was provided both at the beginning of the fiscal year (in the annual budget estimates) and
after the fact (in the public accounts). This is no longer done. </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For the moment at least, after-the-fact
data on the breakdown is still available online at <a href="https://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/ems-sgd/edb-bdd/index-eng.html#rpb/.-.-%28table.-.-%27programSpending.-.-subject.-.-%27dept_110.-.-columns.-.-%28.-.-%27*7b*7bpa_last_year_5*7d*7dexp.-.-%27*7b*7bpa_last_year_4*7d*7dexp.-.-%27*7b*7bpa_last_year_3*7d*7dexp.-.-%27*7b*7bpa_last_year_2*7d*7dexp.-.-%27*7b*7bpa_last_year*7d*7dexp%29%29" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">GC Infobase</a>:</span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNpJsrL26lY5uAJx_aY42l8ujUzp-XuvmjUzkfsqWFG4VxkJSO1SHf0pD8Yj6mMXTZ3i-EnYL8VjVqY5BEWG7Y8ckJxupeRJsK3sfzAalFeoN9o5vYArm4NO_805TfmBfygtGF/s2265/infobase.dec2021.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1077" data-original-width="2265" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNpJsrL26lY5uAJx_aY42l8ujUzp-XuvmjUzkfsqWFG4VxkJSO1SHf0pD8Yj6mMXTZ3i-EnYL8VjVqY5BEWG7Y8ckJxupeRJsK3sfzAalFeoN9o5vYArm4NO_805TfmBfygtGF/w402-h191/infobase.dec2021.png" width="402" /></a></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">But information for the current fiscal year is no longer
available anywhere, so if you want to know how well (or not) Canada is supporting its
cyber security program, you'll have to wait a year or two to find out what the
picture used to be. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">And that's assuming the information continues to be made available.
As far as I can tell this breakdown data is no longer published in any formal
government document or hard-copy form of any kind, so its provision could stop and everything from fiscal year 2018-19 onwards could go down
the digital memory hole at any time. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">In my view, up-to-date budget
information, including the breakdown into the SIGINT and cybersecurity programs, should be posted every year on the CSE website and comprehensive data should also be published in each
year's annual report. CSE has never explained why it can't do that, presumably because there has never been a good reason.<br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">The Australian Signals Directorate, CSE's slightly smaller Five
Eyes counterpart in Canberra, publishes vastly more detailed financial
information in its annual reports (e.g., <a href="https://www.asd.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-10/asd-annual-report-2019-20.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Annual Report 2019-20</a>) and yet still appears to go on being a fully functioning agency. </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><br /></span></span>
</p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Final thoughts</b></span><br /></span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">Overall, this report is a distinct improvement over its
predecessor. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">But there is a lot of scope left for further transparency on the part of CSE, even
if the goal were just to return to the transparency level in 2011. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">CSE should also make their annual reports
available in PDF format. <span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Like their first annual report, this edition was released in web format only. According to CSE's<span style="line-height: 115%;"> Director
General of Public Affairs and Communications Services</span>, Christopher Williams, that "</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>was by design as we are trying to
have our publications exist in a digital form, and avoid
printing. I am happy to report that the report meets all
government of Canada accessibility standards.</span>" </span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Here are my concerns about that:</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">First, it can be very useful to store your own digital copy of documents such as this. Sometimes the on-line version gets moved and the link no longer works, or it gets removed entirely, or the website is temporarily down, or you don't have Internet access at the time, or the whole Internet is down for a while. If you have your own copy of the document, this is not a problem. Depending on how long the Internet is down, civilization may collapse (or perhaps be saved), but at least you have a copy of the report you can work with. Web documents are a pain in the butt to save in complete and legible off-line form. The original version of the 2019-2020 report was broken into multiple separate web pages, making it even more painful to use. That gratuitous annoyance seems to have been fixed sometime in the interim, and this year's version didn't go down that road, which is certainly a mercy, but it's still an inconvenient format.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Second, it is extremely helpful to have page numbers if you're going to cite information in documents such as this in other publications. Yes, the reader <i>may</i> be able to find the information you cited by electronically searching the text, but that only works for direct quotes or (sometimes) key words. Good luck to the reader if you paraphrase something and send them to find it in this document. Why make it hard for people?<br /></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For the moment, at least, the</span></span><span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> cyber security side of CSE, </span></span></span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the
Cyber Centre, </span>seems to recognize the value of providing documents in PDF as well as web format (see, for example, the documents listed <a href="https://cyber.gc.ca/en/reports-assessments" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>). </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span><span style="font-size: small;">When will CSE as a whole see the light? </span></span><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></span></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-59453486391150521932021-12-03T15:25:00.008-05:002023-11-14T18:18:05.361-05:00Recent book chaptersIn addition to <i><a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2021/11/stress-tested.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Stress Tested</a></i>, I have also contributed chapters to two other books published in the last year.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdXgWg6ba1dJN45FpNI96MzhTojmTXyFOnHIHqGu_OutfX5TcLdBtt-9geO4iLpcwSugTKLvLj_IcZmNIcyPF1EF4JA3y9VzcifgTQcf18bzOQH6IiI4TQkpizrD5Q4YlOOYx9/s2048/top+secret+canada.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1365" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdXgWg6ba1dJN45FpNI96MzhTojmTXyFOnHIHqGu_OutfX5TcLdBtt-9geO4iLpcwSugTKLvLj_IcZmNIcyPF1EF4JA3y9VzcifgTQcf18bzOQH6IiI4TQkpizrD5Q4YlOOYx9/s320/top+secret+canada.jpg" /></a></div><p>I wrote the chapter on the Communications Security Establishment for <i><a href="https://utorontopress.com/9781487525279/top-secret-canada/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Top Secret Canada: Understanding the Canadian Intelligence and National Security Community</a></i>, "the first book to offer a comprehensive study of the Canadian intelligence community, its different parts and how it functions as a whole." </p><p>The CSE chapter provides a basic introduction to the agency, its mandate and resources, and some of the important questions about its operations and how they do or don't relate to Canadians.<br /></p><p>Published by the University of Toronto Press in March 2021, the book is currently on sale at <a href="https://utorontopress.com/9781487525279/top-secret-canada/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">the UTP website</a> for half price. <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghgzvDvIzTEqyVGS7BD1uNE2CcPMSBjNcp_EzWwDKCINYqjVVBENk-c9b89ClWW2coGrYP8d-OAMBqTlsaXfUfxHFUl9Eon9S-_lCz4RM8vuOZ1R4gJCffkuOTJtClOkn1uzZI/s800/big+data+surveillance.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="533" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghgzvDvIzTEqyVGS7BD1uNE2CcPMSBjNcp_EzWwDKCINYqjVVBENk-c9b89ClWW2coGrYP8d-OAMBqTlsaXfUfxHFUl9Eon9S-_lCz4RM8vuOZ1R4gJCffkuOTJtClOkn1uzZI/s320/big+data+surveillance.jpg" /></a></div><p>I also contributed a chapter to <i><a href="https://www.ubcpress.ca/big-data-surveillance-and-security-intelligence">Big Data Surveillance and Security Intelligence: The Canadian Case</a></i>, which was published by the University of British Columbia Press in December 2020.</p><p>As I noted <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2020/04/chapters-forthcoming.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>, my contribution is a bit of an outlier since CSE is not actually a security intelligence agency (although of course it does work closely with CSIS), and my chapter, "From 1967 to 2017: CSE's Transition from the Industrial Age to the Information Age," is much more a "history of the present"—how CSE got where it is today—than a discussion of its current Big Data activities. </p><p>However, I think it does serve as a reasonable lead-in to another chapter in the book, written by Scott Thompson and David Lyon, that does look at CSE and Big Data.</p><p>The book can be purchased at the <a href="https://www.ubcpress.ca/big-data-surveillance-and-security-intelligence" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">UBC Press website</a>. Alternatively, you can download a rather messy and inconvenient—but free—open-access version of the book <a href="https://www.surveillance-studies.ca/sites/sscqueens.org/files/big_data_surveillance_final_pdf_proof.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-2211006788064168692021-11-29T22:29:00.005-05:002021-12-03T15:32:59.197-05:00Stress Tested<p>An open-access PDF version of the book <i>Stress Tested: The COVID-19 Pandemic and Canadian National Security</i> is now available at <a href="https://prism.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/handle/1880/114134/9781773852447_OA.pdf?sequence=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">this link</a>. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0l6TelJ7lLOmIPAnVNUQD1MxOy-k-6KmUD1UT8ySuovyzPuvK2f9O4UoWbdXn5gykW-Zgkky_rmG8Z54zZqrYxfxF17EVMFZCTS1oNZXIXvOu3YVlZb9YDVZtAqwJ6445wYSj/s851/stress+tested.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="851" data-original-width="567" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0l6TelJ7lLOmIPAnVNUQD1MxOy-k-6KmUD1UT8ySuovyzPuvK2f9O4UoWbdXn5gykW-Zgkky_rmG8Z54zZqrYxfxF17EVMFZCTS1oNZXIXvOu3YVlZb9YDVZtAqwJ6445wYSj/s320/stress+tested.jpg" /></a></div><p>Edited by Leah West, Thomas Juneau, and Amarnath Amarasingam and published by the University of Calgary Press, <i>Stress Tested</i> addresses "topics including supply chain disruptions, infrastructure security, the ethics of surveillance within the context of pandemic response, the threats and potential threats of digital misinformation and fringe beliefs, and the challenges of maintaining security and intelligence operations during an ongoing pandemic," all with a focus on Canada's experience. </p><p>It looks like there's a lot of interesting reading in the book — and once you're done with that you can also check out the chapter that I contributed, "Collection and Protection in the Time of Infection: The Communications Security Establishment during the COVID-19 Pandemic" (pages 127-144). </p><p>The friendly folks at CSE were, as usual, parsimonious with the information, but I wrote some stuff anyway. </p><p>You can find more information about the book, and order a hard copy, <a href="https://press.ucalgary.ca/books/9781773852430/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>. </p><p> </p><p><b>Update 3 December 2021: </b>See <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2021/12/recent-book-chapters.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> for other recent CSE-related chapters I've written.</p><p><br /></p>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-68766447480476460612021-06-26T17:54:00.011-04:002021-12-22T12:31:24.209-05:00NSIRA review calls into question legality of identity disclosures<p>On June 18th, the National Security and Intelligence Review Agency (NSIRA) released the <a href="https://dev.nsira-ossnr.gc.ca/nsiras-review-of-cses-disclosures-of-canadian-identifying-information-cii" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">public version</a> of its report on a review the agency conducted in 2020 of CSE's disclosure of Canadian Identity Information to government of Canada clients. NSIRA concluded that CSE’s disclosure regime "may not be in compliance with the <i>Privacy Act</i>", and thus the review agency "submitted a compliance report" to the Minister of National Defence. Although couched in tentative terms, this conclusion is probably about as close as NSIRA is likely to get to saying that CSE broke the law.</p>
<p>OCSEC, the agency that reviewed CSE prior to NSIRA's creation in 2019, made a <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2016/01/cse-commissioner-cse-violated-law.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">similar finding</a> only once in its 23 years of existence. That case concerned metadata sharing with foreign partners. It's starting to look like NSIRA, which is still less than two years old, may be considerably more inclined to call out activities that it feels fall short of legal compliance than <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2015/03/does-cse-comply-with-law.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">OCSEC was</a>.</p>
<p><b>What is the significance of "Canadian Identity Information"?</b></p>
<p>Canadian Identity Information (CII) is any specific piece of information that can identify a Canadian citizen, permanent resident, or corporation incorporated in Canada, including but not limited to names, phone numbers, email addresses, IP addresses, and identifiers such as passport numbers. Except when operating under Part C of its mandate (discussed below), CSE is only permitted to target foreign entities (persons, groups, corporations) located outside Canada. But sometimes the information obtained by that targeting, or by various types of untargeted collection, contains information about Canadians, potentially including identity information. A foreign target might communicate with a person in Canada, for example, or two foreign entities might discuss information pertaining to a Canadian. Such information may be used in CSE foreign intelligence or cybersecurity reports or otherwise retained by the agency if it is assessed as being "essential" to "international affairs, defence, security or cybersecurity". But normally CII may only be included in those reports if it is "suppressed", which means replaced in the report by a generic reference such as "a Canadian person" or "a Canadian company". Client departments can request that CSE provide them with the information that was suppressed if they have the lawful authority and a suitable operational justification for receiving it.</p>
<p><b>CII releases were insufficiently justified</b></p>
<p>NSIRA looked at CSE's record of disclosing CII to Canadian government clients from 1 July 2018 to 31 July 2019, and it did not like what it saw. Over that thirteen-month period, CSE received requests from 15 departments for disclosure of a total of 3708 Canadian identifiers that had been suppressed in reports by CSE or its Five Eyes partners; 3671 (99%) of the identifiers were disclosed to the requesters.</p>
<p>After a closer examination of a sample of the requests accounting for 2351 identifiers, NSIRA found "69% [of the requests] to be justified, 28% to be insufficiently justified to warrant the release of CII, 2% that could not be evaluated, and 1% that CSE denied." (Note that NSIRA did not conclude that these 28% could not be justified, but simply that they had not been sufficiently justified.) NSIRA also found information disclosed by CSE that hadn't even been requested: "NSIRA observed cases where CSE disclosed Canadians’ names and other personal information even when the recipient only asked CSE for a company’s identity."</p>
<p>Disclosures to CSIS, the RCMP, and the Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA), which accounted for about half of the sample, were considered by NSIRA to be generally appropriate, "with some exceptions." This suggests, however, that half or more of the releases to the 12 other client departments were not considered sufficiently justified. NSIRA recommended that CSE cease disclosing CII to clients other than CSIS, the RCMP, and the CBSA until it addressed the findings and recommendations contained in the review. Such clients would include major intelligence consumers such as Global Affairs Canada and the Privy Council Office, as well as lesser users like Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada.</p>
<p><b>Section 16 reporting</b></p>
<p>Some of the CII released by CSE was derived from information collected in support of <i>CSIS Act</i> s.16 collection of foreign intelligence within Canada. This information is normally collected under the aegis of Federal Court warrants issued to CSIS, and in some cases CSIS asks CSE to help with its collection or processing. CSE sometimes also reports some of the resulting information through its own foreign intelligence reporting channels. If, for example, a CSIS s.16 operation is established to monitor the communications of the South Korean embassy for economic intelligence purposes, as was <a href="https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1996/9/2/inside-canadas-most-secret-agency" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">done in the 1990s</a>, it is CSE that does most or perhaps all of the processing and reporting of the resulting intelligence.</p>
<p>According to NSIRA, the procedures that CSIS uses to limit the release of CII acquired under s.16 are significantly stricter than those applied by CSE in its releases, and as far as NSIRA could tell the Court was not aware that CSE's laxer practices were also being applied to the information collected under its warrants. NSIRA therefore recommended that the Federal Court be fully informed of CSE’s disclosure practices and that, in the interim, CSE cease disclosing CII collected under s.16. In January 2021, CSIS did give the Court a copy of NSIRA's classified report. What happened in the interim and what actions the Court may subsequently have taken are not revealed.</p>
<p><b>Misleading statements to parliament</b></p>
<p>NSIRA also commented that <a href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/SECU/meeting-101/evidence" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">CSE's 2018 testimony</a> about s.16 activities to a parliamentary committee was "not a complete representation of the lifecycle of information collected by CSE in its assistance", in that it failed to acknowledge CSE's use of information collected through CSIS s.16 activities. CSE's resort to what I call "secret asterisks" in its public statements about Mandate C activities has long been a source of <a href="https://luxexumbra.blogspot.com/2013/09/stop-asterisks.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fulminations on this blog</a>, so it's good to see some attention to this aspect of CSE's public communications.</p>
<p><b>CSE's response</b></p>
<p>According to NSIRA, CSE accepted all of the recommendations made in the report. An <a href="https://dev.nsira-ossnr.gc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/CSE-Management-Response-to-NSIRA-Review-of-Disclosure-of-CII_28-05-2021_English.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">unclassified version of CSE's response</a> was helpfully made available with the report.</p>
<p>It is evident from that response, however, that CSE disputed NSIRA's characterization of its disclosure practices, arguing that CSE's actions were actually fully compliant with the <i>Privacy Act</i>. It is unclear whether the Minister of National Defence, who forwarded NSIRA's compliance report and CSE's response to Attorney General David Lametti, agreed with CSE's position on the issue or simply washed his hands of it (as he so often seems to do). We also have no information about what the Attorney General did with this information.</p>
<p>It may be that CSE felt a bit blindsided by NSIRA's conclusions. In its defence the agency noted that, "In his final 2018-2019 review, the [CSE] Commissioner confirmed that CSE’s disclosures of CII complied with the law and were done in accordance with ministerial direction."</p>
<p>But it's worth recognizing that even <a href="https://www.ocsec-bccst.gc.ca/s21/s85/d445/eng/highlights-reports-submitted-minister#toc-tm-3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">that review</a> expressed serious concerns about CSE's CII practices:</p>
<blockquote>In just under 20 percent of requests, clients provided operational justifications that were generic. CSE explained that generic justifications had been developed in discussion with clients and tested over time. CSE also explained that its analysts learn its clients’ mandates, authorities and requirements. However, the Commissioner’s office believes these generic requests could not be described as robust, as required by CSE policy, because they did not provide an important element required for approving a client’s disclosure request: the requestor’s specific reason for the Canadian identity information. CSE believes these generic requests meet the minimum requirements of policy. However, because the requests contain generic justifications that did not sufficiently outline the requirement for the suppressed information, they failed to meet the Commissioner’s office’s expectations for justifications of Canadian identity information disclosures.</blockquote>
<p>For reference, this is what a Request for Release of Suppressed Information form looks like for CII suppressed in foreign intelligence reports (or at least what it looked like in 2014):</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbjQ2UlW93TsVKRBiVtOlIECtpeL8n_yccwZM6R8ta7J8yuA5OC8ymqDqEbUf0sPKLhcXSXfH9j2viUrKghalM8GynqGPI0hdlbgrvjY_UkoXZ4LP3DWNcncGwy_cRt8pAT3Kx/s1485/suppressed.2014.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1485" data-original-width="1137" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbjQ2UlW93TsVKRBiVtOlIECtpeL8n_yccwZM6R8ta7J8yuA5OC8ymqDqEbUf0sPKLhcXSXfH9j2viUrKghalM8GynqGPI0hdlbgrvjY_UkoXZ4LP3DWNcncGwy_cRt8pAT3Kx/s320/suppressed.2014.jpg" /></a></div>
<p>The redacted section contains 13 possible generic justifications for why the requested information is required, the first of which (we know from an earlier release) is "capabilities/intentions/activities of a foreign person, state, organization or terrorist group relating to international affairs, defence or security". The requestor is asked to mark those justifications that apply with an X.</p>
<p>If the process for the release of suppressed information still uses this form or something much like it, then frankly it's not obvious to me how any of the other 80% of requests (or 69% of requests by NSIRA's count) provide robust, specific justifications either. Maybe in those cases the necessary details were provided in the answers to questions 2 and 3.</p>
<p>One nice thing about CSE's response: for the first time since 2011, the agency seems to have given us a reasonably accurate list of the broad Canadian intelligence priorities the agency responds to: "from support to Canadian military operations, [to intelligence about] espionage, terrorism and kidnappings to geostrategic concerns, cyber threats, foreign interference and global crises, among others."</p>
<p>Now, these may all sound rather obvious, and that's exactly what they are, but that hasn't stopped CSE from treating them like life-and-death national secrets in the recent past, so maybe we can take this step as a small sign of progress in the agency's long struggle to learn the difference between things that really do need to be secret and everything else.</p>
<p><b>Back to the report...</b></p>
<p>It would be useful if the full list of recommendations made by NSIRA were clearly laid out in the report, in as close to the original wording as declassification permits, to help the public keep track of them. According to the <a href="https://dev.nsira-ossnr.gc.ca/nsiras-review-of-cses-disclosures-of-canadian-identifying-information-cii" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">background notes</a> on NSIRA's website, NSIRA made 11 recommendations in this review. It is possible to work out the gist of six or so of these recommendations from the text of the public version, but the rest have been left as a mystery. Maybe the others were rolled into the recommendations provided, but who can tell?</p>
<p>When NSIRA promised to proactively release public versions of its classified reports instead of force researchers to go through the tediously slow and frustrating Access to Information process in order to get a usefully detailed view of what the review agency had to say, I was hopeful that a major improvement in transparency was on the way. The unclassified version that NSIRA released is considerably more detailed than the summaries that were formerly published in OCSEC's annual reports, and it's notable that it includes the first published data on the number of CII items disclosed by CSE (as opposed to the number of requests). This is to NSIRA's and CSE's credit. Kudos also for publishing the report as a searchable PDF and making an unclassified version of CSE's response available. But in the absence of a proper summary of the report's findings and recommendations, it looks like people like me will still be stuck using the Access road.</p>
<p>[<b>Update 22 December 2021</b>: NSIRA's <a href="https://nsira-ossnr.gc.ca/tabling-of-the-national-security-and-intelligence-review-agencys-annual-report" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i>2020 Annual Report</i></a>, released on December 10th, reproduces all 11 of the review's recommendations in slightly sanitized but still useful form. It also does this for the other reviews completed during the year, along with the target agency's responses up to that point. NSIRA also states in the report that it "intends to publish and track such information from all reviews on its website." It's great to see NSIRA adopt this approach, and I hope (and expect) that in future NSIRA will also reproduce its recommendations in the released versions of its individual reviews.]<br /></p><p>One of the other benefits that I had hoped to enjoy as a result of proactive release was greater timeliness. In this case, the original classified report was submitted to the Minister of National Defence on 25 November 2020, which means it took nearly seven months for this summary to be released. Yes, there's a pandemic going on. But let's hope post-COVID releases will be able to reduce that lag time considerably.</p>
<p><b>News coverage and commentary:</b></p>
<p>Jim Bronskill, "<a href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/canada-s-cyberspy-agency-may-have-broken-privacy-law-intelligence-watchdog-says-1.5477131" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Canada's cyberspy agency may have broken privacy law, intelligence watchdog says</a>," Canadian Press, 18 June 2021.</p>
<p>Alex Boutilier, "<a href="https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2021/06/18/spy-agency-may-have-broke-privacy-laws-in-sharing-canadians-information-watchdog-says.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Spy agency may have broken privacy laws in sharing Canadians' information, watchdog says</a>," Toronto Star, 18 June 2021.</p>
<p></p>
<p>Christopher Parsons, "<a href="https://christopher-parsons.com/nsira-calls-cses-lawfulness-into-question/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">NSIRA Calls CSE’s Lawfulness Into Question</a>," Technology, Thoughts & Trinkets blog, 18 June 2021.</p>
<p><i>Intrepid</i> podcast: <a href="https://www.intrepidpodcast.com/podcast/2021/6/30/ep-161-review-of-review-nsira-calls-out-cse-and-csis" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Episode 161: Review of Review: NSIRA Calls Out CSE and CSIS</a>, uploaded 30 June 2021.</p>
<br />
<p><b>Update 28 June 2021</b>: The original version of this post stated that the CII requests that NSIRA examined were made over a four-year one-month period. While NSIRA did look at some of CSE's disclosure practices over that longer period, the statistics pertaining to identifiers requested and disclosed covered just thirteen months, from 1 July 2018 to 31 July 2019.</p>
<br />Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12637626.post-21653894718064940992021-03-28T01:12:00.011-04:002021-03-29T22:16:33.275-04:00Spy agencies, COVID-19, and parking lotsIn Canada and many other countries around the world, most government agencies reacted to COVID-19 by directing the bulk of their employees to work from home. But this option was not available for the majority of those working for intelligence agencies because most of their work is too highly classified to be done outside special high-security offices known as secure compartmented information facilities (SCIFs). So I was curious how Canadian agencies such as CSE and CSIS, and CSE's Five Eyes counterparts, addressed this problem. Did they keep a large part of their workforce at home at various points during the pandemic? Did they move people to off-hour times such as weekends and nights? How long did these changes go on for?<br>
<br>
When you ask Canadian agencies questions like these the OPSEC klaxons sound, public affairs officials cry out in terror and are suddenly silenced, and a great and impenetrable darkness falls over the land. It can be pretty awkward. But it occurred to me that publicly available satellite photos might provide at least partial answers to some of these mysteries. Specifically, satellite photos of agency parking lots. As it turns out, you can learn a fair bit about how these agencies responded to COVID-19 by looking at their parking lots.<br>
<br>
For this blog post I analyzed satellite photos of the parking lots at CSE headquarters, CSIS headquarters, Canadian Forces Station Leitrim, NSA Fort Meade, and GCHQ Cheltenham. With the exception of CSE (which uses a parking garage for most of its parking), roughly the same pattern can be seen at all of these sites: a sharp reduction in parking lot use around late March 2020 as the first wave of the pandemic struck, greater but still reduced occupancy in May and June 2020, and a return to full lots by the end of the summer of 2020. There is very little evidence of reduced parking lot use during the winter 2020/2021 wave of the pandemic.<br>
<br>
<b>PARKINT complications</b><br>
<br>
Before we get into all that, though, we need to consider the connection between parking lot occupancy and building occupancy.<br>
<br>
The first thing to recognize is that very few buildings have enough parking spaces for everyone who works in the building. Most of these agencies maintain at least a small 24/7 operations capability, which means not everyone is in the building at the same time. And even on the main Monday to Friday day shift, some percentage of the workforce is typically expected to take public transit, walk, ride a bike, carpool, or otherwise get to work without taking up a space in the parking lot. In some cases the parking available on site is insufficient even for that lower level of demand, and some of the workforce ends up parking on neighbourhood streets, sometimes leading to local tensions.<br>
<br>
A second complication is that there is no standard ratio between the number of people in a building and the number of parking spaces provided. Agencies whose sites are located far from most housing and are poorly served by public transit may provide parking for nearly everyone who works there. Those located in cities well served by transit, on the other hand, may insist that a large percentage of their workers leave the car at home. Even agencies located beside one another, like CSE and CSIS, may differ in the amount of parking they provide per employee.<br>
<br>
Third, if a reduction in the number of people working in the office frees up parking spots, employees who ordinarily would not have driven may switch to their cars to take advantage of the availability of spots. This tendency is likely to have been especially strong during the pandemic, when many people will have wanted to avoid using public transit. As a result, the number of people occupying a building can probably drop quite significantly before the parking lot becomes less than completely occupied. <br>
<br>
This also means, however, that if large vacancies do appear in the parking lot, it's a safe bet that a very substantial reduction has taken place in the number of people coming in to the office at that time.<br>
<br>
What is more difficult to decide is whether those reductions reflect a switch to work at home or just a change in the specific hours of the day being spent at the office. Satellite photos are typically taken within a few hours of mid-day and it is rare to get more than one photo on any given day, so evidence of reassignment to other shifts is mostly indirect. The question can be answered in part, however, by checking whether significant changes have occurred in daytime attendance on weekends. <br>
<br>
Finally, a significant part of the agency's parking may be provided by parking garages, which obviously pose a major problem for analyses based on satellite photos. As mentioned above, this was specifically a problem for assessing CSE.<br>
<br>
<b>Suitable imagery</b><br>
<br>
Another problem is accessing suitable imagery. Satellite images like those available on Google Earth are typically very high in resolution, making individual vehicles easy to count, but such images are not updated nearly often enough. The latest Google Earth imagery for Ottawa, for example, dates from 2018. You can easily purchase more up to date imagery from commercial providers, but that option is not available to those who, like me, are working with a budget of zero. <br>
<br>
Fortunately, there is a class of regularly updated, lower-resolution, free imagery available that is suitable for our purposes — if barely. At 10 metres per pixel, individual vehicles cannot be seen in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel-2" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Sentinel-2</a> images, but it is usually possible to tell the difference between occupied and unoccupied parking lots, as can be seen in these images of the lots at NSA headquarters. (See map showing the lots <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/39.1096/-76.7742" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">here</a>.) <br>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtP_KmkcEPCIH5Pgx7jg_fpa4jZ7OumrFGR5a2HNNIQVJgEPAToyVUWY790uj2DnaYKjM8YRr419nNc6Ftpk9y986b4dmZ0GT8_Vw8VP5hH_RlgYcFjFn3pv6xv_6yghPJqN8H/s2048/sentinel+example.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="1371" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtP_KmkcEPCIH5Pgx7jg_fpa4jZ7OumrFGR5a2HNNIQVJgEPAToyVUWY790uj2DnaYKjM8YRr419nNc6Ftpk9y986b4dmZ0GT8_Vw8VP5hH_RlgYcFjFn3pv6xv_6yghPJqN8H/s320/sentinel+example.jpg"/></a></div>
Even better is the 3-metre imagery collected by the Planetscope Dove satellites, which Planet Labs makes available to university-affiliated researchers through its <a href="https://www.planet.com/markets/education-and-research/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Education and Research Program</a>.<br>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDD8aBN3EY2evx4B5pnHlI13WY_kGeFpGk7VX16u4NzPOc6eEEXYU9seDYxw_Dho8GPkJHnlFtMIGoetVvvzWVv2SGDo1mw6h0eU4ES0gocvjQSNgPycfSYBUnSF9mWveTVW09/s2048/planetlab+example.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="1322" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDD8aBN3EY2evx4B5pnHlI13WY_kGeFpGk7VX16u4NzPOc6eEEXYU9seDYxw_Dho8GPkJHnlFtMIGoetVvvzWVv2SGDo1mw6h0eU4ES0gocvjQSNgPycfSYBUnSF9mWveTVW09/s320/planetlab+example.jpg"/></a></div>
In principle, publicly available <a href="https://www.isprs-ann-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/V-2-2020/821/2020/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery could also be used to assess parking lot occupancy</a>, and because SAR images are not dependent on daylight and thus can be taken at different times of the day, such images might be helpful in determining whether a significant part of an agency's workforce had switched to working at night. However, a brief survey of available Sentinel-1 SAR imagery did not turn up any images useful for this project.<br>
<br>
<b>Assessing the data</b><br>
<br>
OK, so let's get on with it. <br>
<br>
Stretching outwards from the main NSA headquarters buildings at Fort Meade, Maryland, is a vast expanse of <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/39.1096/-76.7742" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">parking lots</a> covering around 30 hectares and containing roughly 10,000 parking spots. On normal weekdays, those lots are filled to full capacity, as demonstrated by the Planet Labs image below, taken on Monday, 16 March 2020, just as the pandemic's first wave was beginning to strike with force but before the U.S. government had begun telling its employees to stay out of the office. <br>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMuu7Y7o6GORP2l0W-3RkboaW-ARvefGvGTgS1F-cfOLGpPL2xIxsm0c76NKm5tVUx-fmf9L5MzYMArChjPJqVLVgSWhLq7CVGwRH-TTRS7U-ugmqEKYZl7NpaQ1TsbMRWbRrB/s1366/planet.16mar20.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" height="320" data-original-height="1366" data-original-width="1092" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMuu7Y7o6GORP2l0W-3RkboaW-ARvefGvGTgS1F-cfOLGpPL2xIxsm0c76NKm5tVUx-fmf9L5MzYMArChjPJqVLVgSWhLq7CVGwRH-TTRS7U-ugmqEKYZl7NpaQ1TsbMRWbRrB/s320/planet.16mar20.jpg"/></a></div>
By contrast, by the time the Planet Labs photo below was taken on Thursday, April 2nd, parking lot occupancy at NSA had plummeted by perhaps 80 percent, where it remained until roughly the end of June. This suggests that at least 8,000 (and probably actually many more) NSA employees, military personnel, and contractors who normally would have been in the buildings were told to stay home during this period.<br>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5kux6ng9C786zbN4YBKM1RQ5jWYbc9yovQPb8cl9NP2SA2y_-aP_QeGlO5xkP8rgybd-kaSN7eVK5rIGlvK8mgyjC7oOS3t_NfUUKsZiy8tzWabyzkTUDKM56W6yWOC32SN5X/s1377/planet.2apr20.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" height="320" data-original-height="1377" data-original-width="1041" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5kux6ng9C786zbN4YBKM1RQ5jWYbc9yovQPb8cl9NP2SA2y_-aP_QeGlO5xkP8rgybd-kaSN7eVK5rIGlvK8mgyjC7oOS3t_NfUUKsZiy8tzWabyzkTUDKM56W6yWOC32SN5X/s320/planet.2apr20.jpg"/></a></div>Or maybe not to stay home, but instead to move from their normal daytime hours of work to different hours when fewer people would be in the complex. Like the other Five Eyes agencies, some parts of NSA run 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and thus there are always some vehicles in the agency's parking lot, but the overall number of shift workers is small in comparison to the day workers. <br>
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Imagery taken over the last year confirms that weekend parking lot occupancy has remained at its normal low level throughout the pandemic, indicating that there was no significant shift of Monday to Friday work to the weekends at NSA. However, the unusual distribution of vehicles in the lots during weekday images such as the one taken on April 2nd suggests that more than one large daily shift may have been used from Mondays to Fridays during the first wave of the pandemic. When parking lots are mostly empty you expect to see the vehicles that are there clustered around the entrances to the buildings, but as can be seen in the April image many are a considerable distance from the doors. This probably means there were already a lot of vehicles in the lot when the drivers of the ones seen in the image arrived to start their shifts. This pattern was evident in all the weekday images taken in the April to June period. According to <a href="https://federalnewsnetwork.com/workforce/2020/05/could-the-pandemic-force-the-intelligence-community-to-reconsider-workplace-flexibilities/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">this report</a>, some elements of the U.S. intelligence community did adopt a two-shift day during the early months of the pandemic. It looks like NSA may have been one of those agencies.<br>
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By contrast, images from July and August show much higher occupancy in the NSA lot, perhaps 80%, which is still significantly below the pre-pandemic level but suggests that the workforce was back to a single main shift by this time. Weekday use of the lot increased further in September, rising to essentially full occupancy by the end of that month. It has remained there ever since, showing no reduction even during the peak of the winter 2020-21 wave of the pandemic. <br>
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As noted above, the relationship between parking lot occupancy and building occupancy is not straightforward. Despite the lot being full, occupancy of the buildings may still have been quite a lot below normal during this later period. It is safe to say, however, that no fewer than 10,000 people were in the complex during normal weekday hours during this period, and the number was almost certainly much closer to normal occupancy than that.<br>
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(What is that normal occupancy? If I had to guess, I'd say probably around 15,000, give or take a few thousand. But that is just a guess.)<br>
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Evidently, by the time the second wave was taking place, NSA felt that physical distancing measures and modifications to work stations and/or work practices were sufficient to enable a large percentage of its workforce to return to the office safely.<br>
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<b>GCHQ</b><br>
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A broadly similar pattern can be seen at GCHQ's headquarters building, commonly called the Doughnut, in Cheltenham, U.K. The Doughnut is surrounded by about 7.5 hectares of parking containing around 3,000 parking spots (see <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/51.8984/-2.1259" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">map</a>). Prior to the pandemic, all of those spots would be filled on a normal workday, as shown in the Planet Labs image on the left from Friday, 6 March 2020. <br>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrayDFRHh3PMHeqWgImXspuU6g58zljM_JJ3S1ZnaQaI0DN0yqR0ziEuZmapiLeYgYJLDqM5lcc2h4LWAX_3N0T-Nh93i-j5U5qzHt2xJQMNzDTddyKEXoQYH4Mg5FywSmxxQ3/s1881/planet.6mar20.26mar20.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="1084" data-original-width="1881" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrayDFRHh3PMHeqWgImXspuU6g58zljM_JJ3S1ZnaQaI0DN0yqR0ziEuZmapiLeYgYJLDqM5lcc2h4LWAX_3N0T-Nh93i-j5U5qzHt2xJQMNzDTddyKEXoQYH4Mg5FywSmxxQ3/s320/planet.6mar20.26mar20.png"/></a></div>
By the time the Planet Labs image on the right was taken, on Thursday, 26 March, parking lot occupancy had fallen to about 50%, which probably corresponded to a drop of more than 50% in the workforce in the building at any time. In mid- to late June we see parking lot use start to climb again, rising to around 80% in mid-September and perhaps 95% at the beginning of October.<br>
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Due to frequent cloud cover and low light levels, good imagery is somewhat sparse during the subsequent winter months, but the GCHQ parking lots appear to be 100% occupied no later than Thursday, 26 November, and they seem to have remained that way throughout the following months. Like NSA, there is no sign of a significant shift to weekend work at any point during the pandemic. Also like NSA, the fact that the GCHQ parking lots are back to full occupancy does not necessarily mean that the full workforce is back to normal work hours in the building. It is likely, however, that the great majority were back during most of this period.<br>
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<b>Canadian sites</b><br>
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The headquarters of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, located at the corner of Blair and Ogilvie roads in east Ottawa, has about 3 hectares of parking, but the odd shape of the lot limits its capacity to about 900 vehicles (see <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/45.43613/-75.61342" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">map</a>). Planet Labs imagery from Monday, 16 March 2020 (left), shows the lot more or less fully occupied, but by Friday, 27 March (right), occupancy had fallen to roughly 60%, suggesting an even deeper reduction in the number of personnel in the building.<br>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc6Nda2obt9Jffv-mK5bnOq-52jmkSvJfRi0EfaiUD_SDw94zYmxAdbt2C-my5lYrmZsG-XqWv9mGCk7hMti_45xxna06tPVPcioVET_WyREUR1rqXF3Kd8CpSCXguQqSn-qWR/s1273/csis.16mar20.27mar20.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="1273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc6Nda2obt9Jffv-mK5bnOq-52jmkSvJfRi0EfaiUD_SDw94zYmxAdbt2C-my5lYrmZsG-XqWv9mGCk7hMti_45xxna06tPVPcioVET_WyREUR1rqXF3Kd8CpSCXguQqSn-qWR/s320/csis.16mar20.27mar20.jpg"/></a></div>
Occupancy of the lot remained at that lower level until the summer, when it began to rise again. By early July, up to 90% of the lot was typically filled, and since the fall it has been back to essentially 100% full, which may or may not mean that occupancy of the building returned to normal. <br>
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The response of the Integrated Terrorism Assessment Centre (ITAC), a multi-agency organization with offices inside the CSIS building, may give an idea of how the changes in parking lot occupancy corresponded to workforce attendance at the office. ITAC reduced the number of people working in its spaces by as much as 80% during the early days of the pandemic. By the summer of 2020, the number of people working in ITAC spaces was back to half its normal level, and by the fall, following renovations to improve the safety of the centre, three-quarters or more of the personnel were back. The reductions in the CSIS workforce may not have been quite as sharp as those of ITAC, but as the parking imagery confirms, it is likely that they followed a broadly similar trajectory.<br>
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[<b>Update 29 March 2021</b>: Stephanie Carvin <a href="https://twitter.com/StephanieCarvin/status/1376715693077495808" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">confirms</a> that CSIS headquarters was back to 80% of normal staffing by January 2021.]<br>
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The Edward Drake Building, the headquarters of the Communications Security Establishment (CSE), is located beside the CSIS headquarters, just to its west (see <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/45.4362/-75.6157" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">map</a>). Most of the parking at CSE is provided by an 800-car parking garage, which of course largely eliminates the value of satellite imagery for analyzing parking at the agency.<br>
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Fortunately, not all is lost. CSE's garage is too small to accommodate all the people who normally want to drive their vehicles to work, so parking has tended to overflow into the residential neighbourhood to the west of the complex, sparking complaints by residents and enforcement actions by city bylaw officers. In an attempt to reduce this problem, CSE opened a 440-car overflow parking lot on Enigma Private (see <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=18/45.43961/-75.61506" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">map</a>) just north of the CSE/CSIS complex in January 2020, about two months before the pandemic hit. As it is considerably further from the building, this lot is likely to fill up last — which opens the possibility of observing occupancy drops at CSE as well.<br>
<br>
Complicating the issue, however, is that CSE was also in the course of moving most of the 800 staff members of the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, CSE's cyber security arm, to a separate building at 1625 Vanier Parkway. Moreover, because many of those employees work on less classified, and sometimes even unclassified, projects, it has also been possible for a significant part of their work to be performed at home, freeing up space at the Vanier Parkway building for other CSE employees who do need office spaces to do classified work but do not necessarily need the highly secure SCIF spaces required by most of the SIGINT part of the agency.<br>
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Nonetheless, there are probably as many as 1,500 CSE employees or contractors who would seek to work inside the Drake building during normal Monday to Friday hours if they could. Unless a lot of those people are using public transit, that's a lot more than an 800-vehicle garage is likely to be able to accommodate. Thus, the use or non-use of the overflow lot may give some indication of limits on building occupancy during the pandemic.<br>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7HXIicmPG-KdSWPW9NM_mSzevgDQAEXrKyAC7b4_OhLhWToNICUqIR1nWkW7p79u4iN4cBNTsjrhJeGsHQrAHcvbJPj7TbEeCQqPj0P9dW61UAfLs0SNZQtXODb5kCho-GJwP/s1136/cse+overflow.5nov20.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" height="320" data-original-height="1136" data-original-width="1005" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7HXIicmPG-KdSWPW9NM_mSzevgDQAEXrKyAC7b4_OhLhWToNICUqIR1nWkW7p79u4iN4cBNTsjrhJeGsHQrAHcvbJPj7TbEeCQqPj0P9dW61UAfLs0SNZQtXODb5kCho-GJwP/s320/cse+overflow.5nov20.jpg"/></a></div>
And what do the pictures show? This Planet Labs image from 5 November 2020 is fairly typical: the overflow lot, visible at the top of the picture, does not appear to be in use (compare to the CSIS lot also visible). It is possible, however, that a few vehicles are present in the lot.<br>
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The bottom line is that there does not seem to have been extensive use of this lot by CSE during most of the pandemic. This suggests that CSE did manage to significantly reduce the number of people using the building during peak hours, although it doesn't tell us what combination of working from home, working in the Vanier Parkway building, or moving to different work hours was used to accomplish this, or how those measures may have varied over time.<br>
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To my mind, the most intriguing phenomenon turns up during the winter of 2020/21. By December 2020, after the snow starts to arrive, it is clear that the overflow lot is being plowed. This suggests it was in use at least somewhat by that time or at least that CSE expected it to be imminently in use. The plowing continues in January but then abruptly stops, with the lot appearing completely snow-covered for the last two-thirds of the month. The same pattern appears in February: plowed for the first third of the month and then a snow-covered wasteland for the rest. It gets plowed again at the beginning of March, and from that point on appears to be in consistent use.<br>
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January 2021 was the worst month to date for new COVID-19 cases in Ottawa, so it may be that the agency implemented additional peak-hours reductions in occupancy of the building during that month, and perhaps February as well, and thus didn't need the lot during those months. That theory doesn't explain why the lot was cleared in early February, however. Maybe the agency's snow-clearing contract specified a minimum number of days of work per month and the contractor plowed the lot until those days were used up whether the lot was in use or not.<br>
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Complicating analysis of this question is the fact that the winter imagery was frequently difficult to interpret, due to lower light levels, fewer clear days, and less contrast between snow-covered vehicle roofs and parking lots that themselves might have some snow on them. The CSIS lot seemed less affected by this problem, possibly because it is more sheltered from blowing snow.<br>
<br>
What about the CFIOG workforce at the intercept station at CFS Leitrim? Satellite imagery shows there are around 500-550 parking spots at Leitrim, of which 350-400 were typically in use on pre-pandemic weekdays. There is little affordable housing near the station and it doesn't have good transit connections, so unlike the other sites discussed here, the number of cars in its lots is probably pretty close to the number of people working at the station at that moment. Imagery from the pandemic period suggests that the CFIOG reduced peak-hours staffing at the station by as much as 40% from late March to May 2020, with occupancy returning to 80% or 90% of normal levels only in the fall. This was probably mostly accomplished by moving people to non-peak-hours shifts in the evening and overnight, a change that presumably was easier to implement with the predominantly military personnel at Leitrim than it would have been at other sites. As with CSE, the winter imagery was often too poor for clear interpretation.<br>
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Interestingly, in no case is there any evidence that a significant amount of work was moved to weekends at any of these sites. Spreading five days of work across seven would seem like an easy way to reduce the number of people in the buildings at any time, but no, weekends appear to be sacrosanct.<br>
<br>
<b>Conclusion</b><br>
<br>
Analysis of satellite photos of the parking lots at CSE headquarters, CSIS headquarters, Canadian Forces Station Leitrim, NSA Fort Meade, and GCHQ Cheltenham showed clear evidence of staffing changes at most of these sites in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. With the exception of CSE, where use of a parking garage complicates the question, roughly the same pattern was seen at all of these sites: a sharp reduction in parking lot use (implying even deeper reductions in peak-hour building occupancy) around late March 2020 as the first wave of the pandemic struck; greater but still reduced parking lot occupancy in May and June 2020; and a return to full lots by the end of the summer of 2020. There was very little evidence of reduced parking lot use during the winter 2020/2021 wave of the pandemic. However, the winter imagery was more difficult to interpret, particularly for CSE and Leitrim, so this observation is necessarily more tentative.<br>
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There are undoubtedly easier ways for intelligence agencies — and even individuals who aren't working from home on a zero-dollar budget — to answer these questions. For example, a couple of days of surveillance sitting in a car in the shopping centre lot across from the CSE and CSIS buildings would get you a much more accurate estimate of the number of people working in those buildings and their various hours of work. Commercially available smartphone location and activity data would probably also reveal a great deal, and the smartphone data potentially available to intelligence agencies could be even more revealing. Access to higher-resolution satellite imagery would also be very helpful.<br>
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Still, as this blog post shows, even relatively low-resolution satellite imagery can provide some intriguing insight into the ways Canadian and partner intelligence agencies responded to COVID-19.<br>
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This research was undertaken as part of my research fellowship with the <a href="https://citizenlab.ca/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Citizen Lab</a>, at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, University of Toronto. Planet Labs imagery was accessed with the assistance of Citizen Lab director Ron Deibert. All Planet Labs Imagery © 2021 Planet Labs Inc.<br>
<br>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08187999217526681114noreply@blogger.com0